Trouble 7/31/2022 137 entries found.

craig8smiling · 2022-07-31T19:15:49.155Z

Etymology: trouble (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble#etymonline_v_17870) c. 1200, from Old French trubler, metathesis of turbler, torbler "to trouble, disturb; make cloudy, stir up, mix" (11c.), from Vulgar Latin *turbulare, from Late Latin turbidare "to trouble, make turbid," from Latin turbidus (see turbid)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/turbid?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Related: Troubled; troubling. trouble (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble#etymonline_v_46471) c. 1200, "agitation of the mind, emotional turmoil," from Old French truble, torble "trouble, disturbance" (12c.), from trubler/torbler (see trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.)). From early 15c. as "a concern, a cause for worry;" 1590s as "something that causes trouble." Meaning "unpleasant relations with the authorities" is from 1550s. Related: Troubles (1510s). Trouble and strife as rhyming slang for "wife" is recorded from 1908. Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble#etymonline_v_46471) troublemaker (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublemaker#etymonline_v_39464) also trouble-maker, 1843, from trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.) + maker.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/maker?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublemaker#etymonline_v_39464) troublesome (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublesome#etymonline_v_38969) 1540s, from trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.) + -some (https://www.etymonline.com/word/-some?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_21684)(1). Troublesomeness. Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublesome#etymonline_v_38969) troubled (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubled#etymonline_v_47141) of persons, minds, etc., early 14c.; past-participle adjective from trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.). In reference to waters, etc., late 14c. Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubled#etymonline_v_47141) untroubled (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/untroubled#etymonline_v_25295) late 15c., from un- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/un-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_4462)(1) "not" + past participle of trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.). Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/untroubled#etymonline_v_25295) troubleshooter (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshooter#etymonline_v_38970) also trouble-shooter, 1898, originally one who works on telegraph or telephone lines. From trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.) + agent noun from shoot (https://www.etymonline.com/word/shoot?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_23430)(v.). Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshooter#etymonline_v_38970) troublous (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublous#etymonline_v_49638) early 15c., from Old French troblos, torblos, from truble/torble (see trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.)). Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublous#etymonline_v_49638) overtrouble (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/overtrouble#etymonline_v_45849) also over-trouble, "to trouble excessively," 1580s, from over- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/over-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)+ trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.). Related: Overtroubled; overtroubling. Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/overtrouble#etymonline_v_45849) troubleshoot (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshoot#etymonline_v_39442) also trouble-shoot, 1918 (implied in troubleshooting), probably a back-formation from troubleshooter.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshooter?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related entries & more(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshoot#etymonline_v_39442) All 137 entries found page 1 trouble (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble#etymonline_v_17870) • c. 1200, from Old French trubler, metathesis of turbler, torbler "to trouble, disturb; make cloudy, stir up, mix" (11c.), from Vulgar Latin *turbulare, from Late Latin turbidare "to trouble, make turbid," from Latin turbidus (see turbid)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/turbid?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Related: Troubled; troubling. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble#etymonline_v_17870) trouble (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble#etymonline_v_46471) • c. 1200, "agitation of the mind, emotional turmoil," from Old French truble, torble "trouble, disturbance" (12c.), from trubler/torbler (see trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.)). From early 15c. as "a concern, a cause for worry;" 1590s as "something that causes trouble." Meaning "unpleasant relations with the authorities" is from 1550s. Related: Troubles (1510s). Trouble and strife as rhyming slang for "wife" is recorded from 1908. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble#etymonline_v_46471) troublemaker (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublemaker#etymonline_v_39464) • also trouble-maker, 1843, from trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.) + maker.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/maker?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublemaker#etymonline_v_39464) troublesome (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublesome#etymonline_v_38969) • 1540s, from trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.) + -some (https://www.etymonline.com/word/-some?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_21684)(1). Troublesomeness. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublesome#etymonline_v_38969) troubled (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubled#etymonline_v_47141) • of persons, minds, etc., early 14c.; past-participle adjective from trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.). In reference to waters, etc., late 14c. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubled#etymonline_v_47141) untroubled (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/untroubled#etymonline_v_25295) • late 15c., from un- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/un-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_4462)(1) "not" + past participle of trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/untroubled#etymonline_v_25295) troubleshooter (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshooter#etymonline_v_38970) • also trouble-shooter, 1898, originally one who works on telegraph or telephone lines. From trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.) + agent noun from shoot (https://www.etymonline.com/word/shoot?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_23430)(v.). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshooter#etymonline_v_38970) troublous (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublous#etymonline_v_49638) • early 15c., from Old French troblos, torblos, from truble/torble (see trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_46471)(n.)). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/troublous#etymonline_v_49638) overtrouble (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/overtrouble#etymonline_v_45849) • also over-trouble, "to trouble excessively," 1580s, from over- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/over-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)+ trouble (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trouble?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17870)(v.). Related: Overtroubled; overtroubling. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/overtrouble#etymonline_v_45849) troubleshoot (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshoot#etymonline_v_39442) • also trouble-shoot, 1918 (implied in troubleshooting), probably a back-formation from troubleshooter.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshooter?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/troubleshoot#etymonline_v_39442) page 2 vexation (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/vexation#etymonline_v_30561) • c. 1400, from Old French vexacion "abuse, harassment; insult, affront," or directly from Latin vexationem (nominative vexatio) "annoyance, harassing; distress, trouble," noun of action from past participle stem of vexare "to harass, trouble" (see vex)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/vex?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/vexation#etymonline_v_30561) molest (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/molest#etymonline_v_17409) • late 14c., molesten, "to cause trouble, grief, or vexation, disturb, harass," from Old French molester "to torment, trouble, bother" (12c.) and directly from Latin molestare "to disturb, trouble, annoy," from molestus "troublesome, annoying, unmanageable," which is perhaps related to moles "mass" (see mole (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mole?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17406)(n.3)) on notion of either "burden" or "barrier." Meaning "sexually assault" is attested by 1950. Related: Molested; molesting. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/molest#etymonline_v_17409) encumbrance (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/encumbrance#etymonline_v_32461) • c. 1300, "trouble, difficulty; ensnarement, temptation," from Old French encombrance "encumbrance, obstruction; calamity, trouble," from encombrer (see encumber)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/encumber?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Meaning "that which encumbers, impediment, obstacle" is from late 14c. in English. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/encumbrance#etymonline_v_32461) inflict (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/inflict#etymonline_v_6453) • 1560s, "assail, trouble;" 1590s, "lay or impose as something that must be suffered," from Latin inflictus, past participle of infligere "to strike or dash against; inflict," from in- "in" (from PIE root *en (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*en?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"in") + fligere (past participle flictus) "to dash, strike" (see afflict)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/afflict?ref=etymonline_crossreference). You inflict trouble on someone; you afflict someone with trouble. Shame on you. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/inflict#etymonline_v_6453) fike (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/fike#etymonline_v_50553) • Middle English fyken "move about restlessly" (early 13c.), from Old Norse fikjask "to desire eagerly," fika (in fika sig upp "climb up nimbly," of a spider), probably from a general North Sea Germanic word related to the source of German ficken "to move about briskly." Later as "give trouble, vex" (1570s), a sense surviving especially in Scottish. Hence also fikery "vexatious trouble" (1823); fiky "causing trouble about trifles" (1768). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/fike#etymonline_v_50553) cumbrance (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/cumbrance#etymonline_v_53704) • c. 1300, "destructive influence;" late 14c., "trouble, difficulty," from cumber (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cumber?ref=etymonline_crossreference)+ -ance.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/-ance?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cumbrance#etymonline_v_53704) bovver(https://www.etymonline.com/word/bovver#etymonline_v_15677) • 1969, Cockney pronunciation of bother (https://www.etymonline.com/word/bother?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"trouble" (q.v.), given wide extended usage in skinhead slang. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/bovver#etymonline_v_15677) inconveniently (adv.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconveniently#etymonline_v_41879) • mid-15c., inconvenientli, "wrongfully," from inconvenient (https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconvenient?ref=etymonline_crossreference)+ -ly (https://www.etymonline.com/word/-ly?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_32027)(2). Meaning "with trouble or discomfort" is from 1650s. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconveniently#etymonline_v_41879) disease (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/disease#etymonline_v_53996) • mid-14c., disesen, "to make uneasy, trouble; inflict pain," a sense now obsolete; late 14c. as "to have an illness or infection;" late 15c. in the transitive sense of "to infect with a disease, make ill;" from disease (https://www.etymonline.com/word/disease?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_11416)(n.). Tyndale (1526) has Thy doughter is deed, disease not the master where KJV has trouble not (Luke viii.49). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/disease#etymonline_v_53996) hot water (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/hot%20water#etymonline_v_34415) • c. 1400, literal; 1530s in figurative sense of "trouble." See hot (https://www.etymonline.com/word/hot?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_14491)(adj.) + water (https://www.etymonline.com/word/water?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_4854)(n.1). Hot-water bottle is from 1895. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/hot%20water#etymonline_v_34415) page 3 uneasy (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/uneasy#etymonline_v_24960) • late 13c., "not comforting, causing trouble," from un- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/un-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_4462)(1) "not" + easy (https://www.etymonline.com/word/easy?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_952)(adj.). Meaning "disturbed in mind" is attested from 1670s. Related: Uneasily; uneasiness. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/uneasy#etymonline_v_24960) blunder (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/blunder#etymonline_v_43217) • late 14c., blonder, blunder, "disturbance, strife; trouble, distress;" apparently from blunder (https://www.etymonline.com/word/blunder?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_13646)(v.). Original sense obsolete. Meaning "a mistake made through hurry or confusion" is from 1706. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/blunder#etymonline_v_43217) Katie (https://www.etymonline.com/word/Katie#etymonline_v_35279) • fem. proper name, diminutive form of Kate.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/Kate?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Noun Katie-bar-the-door "a brouhaha, a turbulent and combative situation" is by 1888; the notion is "get ready for trouble." Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/Katie#etymonline_v_35279) Amelia (https://www.etymonline.com/word/Amelia#etymonline_v_10968) • fem. proper name, Latin, but of Germanic origin, literally "laborious" (cognates: Old Norse ama "to trouble"); the name was assimilated with Roman gens name Aemilia. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/Amelia#etymonline_v_10968) distressed (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/distressed#etymonline_v_37472) • 1580s, "suffering distress, afflicted with pain or trouble," past-participle adjective from distress.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/distress?ref=etymonline_crossreference) In reference to furniture, "damaged in order to appear older," by 1940. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/distressed#etymonline_v_37472) inconveniency (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconveniency#etymonline_v_42417) • early 15c., "calamity, injury, harmful consequence," also "danger" (now obsolete), from Late Latin inconvenientia (see inconvenience (https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconvenience?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_30011)(n.)). Meaning "trouble, disadvantage, quality of being inconvenient" is from 1550s. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconveniency#etymonline_v_42417) asking (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/asking#etymonline_v_52425) • c. 1200 (replacing Old English ascunge), present-participle adjective from ask (https://www.etymonline.com/word/ask?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17935)(v.). Asking price is attested from 1755. To be asking for it (it = "trouble, injury," etc.) is from 1909. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/asking#etymonline_v_52425) turbulence (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/turbulence#etymonline_v_38991) • early 15c., from Late Latin turbulentia "trouble, disquiet," from Latin turbulentus (see turbulent)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/turbulent?ref=etymonline_crossreference). In reference to atmospheric eddies that affect airplanes, by 1918. Related: Turbulency. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/turbulence#etymonline_v_38991) aggro (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/aggro#etymonline_v_52195) • by 1969, originally British underworld and juvenile delinquent slang, short for aggravation (https://www.etymonline.com/word/aggravation?ref=etymonline_crossreference)in a colloquial sense "trouble or disturbance provoked by aggressive behavior or harassment" (by 1939). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/aggro#etymonline_v_52195) cumbrous (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/cumbrous#etymonline_v_29183) • late 14c., of things, "obstructing movement or vision;" c. 1400, "cumbersome, troublesome, clumsy, unwieldy, difficult to use," also of persons, "causing trouble," from cumber (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cumber?ref=etymonline_crossreference)+ -ous.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/-ous?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cumbrous#etymonline_v_29183) page 4 disease (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/disease#etymonline_v_11416) • early 14c., "discomfort, inconvenience, distress, trouble," from Old French desaise "lack, want; discomfort, distress; trouble, misfortune; disease, sickness," from des- "without, away" (see dis-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/dis-?ref=etymonline_crossreference) + aise "ease" (see ease (https://www.etymonline.com/word/ease?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_946)(n.)). Restricted pathological sense of "sickness, illness" in English emerged by late 14c.; the word still sometimes was used in its literal sense early 17c., and was somewhat revived 20c., usually with a hyphen (dis-ease). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/disease#etymonline_v_11416) pother (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pother#etymonline_v_18568) • 1590s, "disturbance, commotion," a word of unknown origin. Meaning "mental trouble" is from 1640s; verb sense of "to fluster" is attested from 1690s. According to OED originally rhyming with other, brother; the pronunciation shift came in 19c. by influence of bother. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pother#etymonline_v_18568) fash (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/fash#etymonline_v_50490) • 1530s (Scottish) "to trouble, annoy, vex;" 1580s, "be angered," from Old French fascher (Modern French fâcher) "to anger, displease, offend," from Medieval Latin derived verb from Latin fastidiosus (see fastidious)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/fastidious?ref=etymonline_crossreference). As a noun from 1794. Related: Fashery (1550s). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/fash#etymonline_v_50490) travail (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/travail#etymonline_v_16913) • "labor, toil," mid-13c., from Old French travail "work, labor, toil, suffering or painful effort, trouble; arduous journey" (12c.), from travailler "to toil, labor," originally "to trouble, torture, torment," from Vulgar Latin *tripaliare "to torture," from *tripalium (in Late Latin trepalium) "instrument of torture," probably from Latin tripalis "having three stakes" (from tria "three;" see three (https://www.etymonline.com/word/three?ref=etymonline_crossreference)+ palus "stake" (from PIE *pakslo-, suffixed form of root *pag- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*pag-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to fasten"), which sounds ominous, but the exact notion is obscure. The verb is recorded from late 13c. in English, from the verb in Old French. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/travail#etymonline_v_16913) pesterment (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pesterment#etymonline_v_54694) • "act of pestering; state of being pestered," 1590s, from pester (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pester?ref=etymonline_crossreference)+ -ment.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/-ment?ref=etymonline_crossreference) She cries, 'Don't thee trouble thyself, Neighbour: Let them play a little; I'll put all to rights myself before I go.' But Things are never so put to rights, but that I find a great deal of Work to do after they are gone. Thus, Sir, I have all the Trouble and Pesterment of Children, without the pleasure of—calling them my own .... [Ben Franklin, "The Busy-Body," Feb. 25, 1728 (29)] Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pesterment#etymonline_v_54694) trounce (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/trounce#etymonline_v_17872) • 1550s, "to trouble, afflict, harass," later "to beat, thrash" (1560s), of uncertain origin. Perhaps related to French troncer "to cut, cut off a piece from," from tronce "piece of timber," from Old French tronc (see trunk (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trunk?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17899)(n.1)). Related: Trounced; trouncing. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/trounce#etymonline_v_17872) grievance (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/grievance#etymonline_v_29934) • c. 1300, "state of being aggrieved," from Old French grevance "harm, injury, misfortune; trouble, suffering, agony, sorrow," from grever "to harm, to burden, be harmful to" (see grief)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/grief?ref=etymonline_crossreference). In reference to a cause of such a condition, from late 15c. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/grievance#etymonline_v_29934) mind (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/mind#etymonline_v_16184) • mid-14c., "to remember, call to mind, take care to remember," also "to remind oneself," from mind (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mind?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_16183)(n.). The Old English verb was myngian, myndgian, from West Germanic *munigon "to remind." Meaning "perceive, notice" is from late 15c.; that of "to give heed to, pay attention to" is from 1550s; that of "be careful about" is from 1737. Sense of "object to, dislike" is from c. 1600. Meaning "to take care of, look after" is from 1690s. Related: Minded; minding. Negative use "(not) to care for, to trouble oneself with" is attested from c. 1600; never mind "don't let it trouble you" is by 1778; the meiotic expression don't mind if I do is attested from 1847. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mind#etymonline_v_16184) bailout (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/bailout#etymonline_v_42312) • also bail-out 1945, in aviation, from the verbal phrase in reference to pilots (see bail (https://www.etymonline.com/word/bail?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_201)(v.1) + out (https://www.etymonline.com/word/out?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_9965)(adv.)). As "federal help for private business in trouble," from 1968; it is unclear which sense of bail is meant. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/bailout#etymonline_v_42312) unhappy (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/unhappy#etymonline_v_25097) • c. 1300, "causing misfortune or trouble (to oneself or others)," from un- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/un-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_4462)(1) "not" + happy.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/happy?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Meaning "unfortunate, unlucky" is recorded from late 14c.; sense of "miserable, wretched" is recorded from late 14c. (originally via misfortune or mishap). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/unhappy#etymonline_v_25097) page 5 onus (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/onus#etymonline_v_7043) • "a burden," 1640s, from Latin onus "load, burden," figuratively "tax, expense; trouble, difficulty," from PIE *en-es- "burden" (source of Sanskrit anah "cart, wagon"). Hence legal Latin onus probandi (1722) "the task of proving what has been alleged," literally "burden of proving." Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/onus#etymonline_v_7043) bother (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/bother#etymonline_v_15646) • 1718, also bauther, bather, bodder, "to bewilder, confuse;" 1745 as "give trouble to," probably from Anglo-Irish pother, because its earliest use was by Irish writers (Sheridan, Swift, Sterne). Perhaps from Irish bodhairim "I deafen." Related: Bothered; bothering. As a noun from 1803. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/bother#etymonline_v_15646) solicit (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/solicit#etymonline_v_23851) • early 15c., soliciten, "to disturb, trouble," from Old French soliciter, solliciter (14c.), from Latin sollicitare "to disturb, rouse, trouble, harass; stimulate, provoke," from sollicitus "agitated," from sollus "whole, entire" (from PIE root *sol- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*sol-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"whole, well-kept") + citus "aroused," past participle of ciere "shake, excite, set in motion" (from PIE root *keie- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*keie-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to set in motion"). Related: Solicited; soliciting. The meaning "entreat, petition" is from 1520s. Meaning "to further (business affairs)" evolved mid-15c. from a French sense of "manage affairs." The sexual sense (often in reference to prostitutes) is attested from 1710, probably from a merger of the business sense and an earlier sense of "to court or beg the favor of" (a woman), attested from 1590s. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/solicit#etymonline_v_23851) inconvenience (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconvenience#etymonline_v_41878) • "to give trouble, impede, or hamper" (someone), 1650s, from inconvenience (https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconvenience?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_30011)(n.). Related: Inconvenienced; inconveniencing. The early Spanish missionaries in America were inconvenienced by finding that the only native word they could use for God also meant devil. [Herbert Spencer, "The Principles of Sociology," 1877] Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/inconvenience#etymonline_v_41878) do (n.1)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/do#etymonline_v_54037) • 1590s, "commotion, trouble" (a sense now obsolete), from do (https://www.etymonline.com/word/do?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_13867)(v.). From 1630s as "act of doing;" by 1824 as "something done in a set or formal manner;" by 1835 as "a cheat, a swindle." Phrase do's and dont's "things that out and ought not to be done" (variously apostrophed) is by 1899. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/do#etymonline_v_54037) chary (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/chary#etymonline_v_8455) • Old English cearig "sorrowful, full of care," the adjective from care (https://www.etymonline.com/word/care?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_5376)(n.), q.v. Sense evolved 16c. from "full of care" to "careful." Compare the sense evolution of careful.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/careful?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Meaning "sparing, frugal" is from 1560s. Cognate with Old Saxon carag, Old High German charag "full of sorrow, trouble, or care." Related: Charily; chariness. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/chary#etymonline_v_8455) cure (n.1)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/cure#etymonline_v_476) • c. 1300, "care, heed," from Latin cura "care, concern, trouble," with many figurative extensions over time such as "study; administration; office of a parish priest; a mistress," and also "means of healing, successful remedial treatment of a disease" (late 14c.), from Old Latin coira-, a noun of unknown origin. Meaning "medical care" is late 14c. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cure#etymonline_v_476) worry (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/worry#etymonline_v_10851) • c. 1300, wirien, "to slay, kill or injure by biting and shaking the throat" (as a dog or wolf does), from Old English wyrgan "to strangle," from Proto-Germanic *wurgjan (source also of Middle Dutch worghen, Dutch worgen, Old High German wurgen, German würgen "to strangle," Old Norse virgill "rope"), from *wergh-, from PIE root *wer- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*wer-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52647)(2) "to turn, bend." The "strangle" sense generally was obsolete in English after c. 1600; the figurative meaning "to annoy, bother, vex" is by c. 1400. Meaning "to cause mental distress or trouble" is attested from 1822; intransitive sense of "to feel anxiety or mental trouble" is attested by 1860. Related: Worried; worrier; worrying. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/worry#etymonline_v_10851) gravamen (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/gravamen#etymonline_v_11932) • 1640s, "grievance," from Late Latin gravamen "trouble, physical inconvenience" (in Medieval Latin, "a grievance"), literally "a burden," from Latin gravare "to burden, make heavy, weigh down; oppress," from gravis "heavy" (from PIE root *gwere- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*gwere-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52587)(1) "heavy"). Specifically, in law, "part of the accusation which weighs most heavily against the accused." Related: Gravaminous. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/gravamen#etymonline_v_11932) shotgun (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/shotgun#etymonline_v_24219) • 1821, American English, from shot (https://www.etymonline.com/word/shot?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_23435)(n.) in the sense of "lead in small pellets" (1770) + gun (https://www.etymonline.com/word/gun?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_14378)(n.). As distinguished from a rifle,(https://www.etymonline.com/word/rifle?ref=etymonline_crossreference) which fires bullets. Shotgun wedding is attested by 1903, American English. To ride shotgun is by 1905, from custom of having an armed man beside the driver on the stagecoach in the Old West to ward off trouble. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/shotgun#etymonline_v_24219) page 6 vex (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/vex#etymonline_v_4769) • early 15c., from Old French vexer "vex, harass" (14c.), from Latin vexare "to shake, jolt, toss violently;" figuratively "attack, harass, trouble, annoy," from vexus, collateral form of vectus, past participle of vehere "to draw, carry" (from PIE root *wegh- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*wegh-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to go, move, transport in a vehicle"). Related: Vexed;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/Vexed?ref=etymonline_crossreference) vexing. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/vex#etymonline_v_4769) stricken (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/stricken#etymonline_v_22173) • 1510s, "wounded, affected (by disease, trouble, etc.)," adjective use of archaic past participle of strike (https://www.etymonline.com/word/strike?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_22181)(v.). Figurative meaning "overwhelmed with terror, grief, etc." is from 1530s. An earlier development is reflected in 13c. phrase striken in elde "advanced in years," from strike in the sense of "to move, go," hence "far advanced." Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/stricken#etymonline_v_22173) calm (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/calm#etymonline_v_46661) • c. 1400, "absence of storm or wind," from the adjective or from Old French calme, carme "stillness, quiet, tranquility," or directly from Old Italian (see calm (https://www.etymonline.com/word/calm?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_613)(adj.)). Figurative sense "peaceful manner, mild bearing" is from early 15c.; that of "freedom from agitation or passion" is from 1540s. Aftir the calm, the trouble sone Mot folowe. ["Romance of the Rose," c. 1400] Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/calm#etymonline_v_46661) hassle (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/hassle#etymonline_v_6197) • "fuss, trouble," 1945, American English (in "Down Beat" magazine), perhaps from U.S. Southern dialectal hassle "to pant, breathe noisily" (1928), of unknown origin; or perhaps from hatchel "to harass" (1800), which may be a variant of hazel,(https://www.etymonline.com/word/hazel?ref=etymonline_crossreference) the name of the plant that furnished switches for whippings. Noted in 1946 as a show biz vogue word. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/hassle#etymonline_v_6197) annoyance (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/annoyance#etymonline_v_26312) • late 14c., "vexation, trouble," from Old French enoiance "ill-humor, irritation," from anuiant, present participle of anuier "to be troublesome, annoy, harass" (see annoy)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/annoy?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Meaning "state of being annoyed" is from c. 1500, as is the sense of "that which annoys." Earlier, annoying was used in the sense of "act of offending" (c. 1300) and a noun annoy (c. 1200) in the sense "feeling of irritation, displeasure, distaste." Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/annoyance#etymonline_v_26312) aggrieve (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/aggrieve#etymonline_v_8038) • c. 1300, agreven, "to disturb, trouble, attack," from Old French agrever "make worse, make more severe" (Modern French aggraver), from Latin aggravare "make heavier; make worse or more oppressive," from ad "to" (see ad-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ad-?ref=etymonline_crossreference) + gravare "weigh down," from gravis "heavy" (from PIE root *gwere- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*gwere-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52587)(1) "heavy"). The spelling was corrected to agg- in French 14c., In English 15c. Related: Aggrieved;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/Aggrieved?ref=etymonline_crossreference) aggrieving. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/aggrieve#etymonline_v_8038) care (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/care#etymonline_v_5376) • Old English caru, cearu "sorrow, anxiety, grief," also "burdens of mind; serious mental attention," in late Old English also "concern, anxiety caused by apprehension of evil or the weight of many burdens," from Proto-Germanic *karō "lament; grief, care" (source also of Old Saxon kara "sorrow;" Old High German chara "wail, lament;" Gothic kara "sorrow, trouble, care;" German Karfreitag "Good Friday;" see care (https://www.etymonline.com/word/care?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_33875)(v.)). • Meaning "charge, oversight, attention or heed with a view to safety or protection" is attested from c. 1400; this is the sense in care of in addressing (1840). Meaning "object or matter of concern" is from 1580s. To take care of "take in hand, do" is from 1580s; take care "be careful" also is from 1580s. The primary sense is that of inward grief, and the word is not connected, either in sense or form, with L. cura, care, of which the primary sense is pains or trouble bestowed upon something. [Century Dictionary] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/care#etymonline_v_5376) vale (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/vale#etymonline_v_4605) • river-land between two ranges of hills, early 14c., from Old French val "valley, vale" (12c.), from Latin vallem (nominative vallis, valles) "valley" (see valley)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/valley?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Now "little used except in poetry" [Century Dictionary]. Vale of years "old age" is from "Othello." Vale of tears "this world as a place of trouble" is attested from 1550s. An older phrase in the same sense was dale of dol (mid-15c.). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/vale#etymonline_v_4605) provocateur (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/provocateur#etymonline_v_2757) • "undercover agent who commits damning or illegal acts in the name of a group, or who encourages group members to commit them so as to damage its reputation or draw down punishment from authorities," 1915 (Emma Goldman), shortened form of agent provocateur "person hired to make trouble" (1845), from French provocateur, from Latin provocator "challenger," from provocare "to call out" (see provoke)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/provoke?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/provocateur#etymonline_v_2757) threat (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/threat#etymonline_v_13258) • Old English þreat "crowd, troop," also "oppression, coercion, menace," related to þreotan "to trouble, weary," from Proto-Germanic *thrautam (source also of Dutch verdrieten, German verdrießen "to vex"), from PIE *treud- "to push, press squeeze" (source also of Latin trudere "to press, thrust," Old Church Slavonic trudu "oppression," Middle Irish trott "quarrel, conflict," Middle Welsh cythrud "torture, torment, afflict"). Sense of "conditional declaration of hostile intention" was in Old English. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/threat#etymonline_v_13258) page 7 chasten (v.) (https://www.etymonline.com/word/chasten#etymonline_v_8461) • "inflict trouble or pain on for the purpose of correction," 1520s, with -en (https://www.etymonline.com/word/-en?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_32445)(1) + the word it replaced, obsolete verb chaste "to correct (someone's) behavior" (Middle English chastien, c. 1200), from Old French chastiier "to punish" (see chastise)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/chastise?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Now chiefly in reference to moral discipline, divine rather than corporal punishment. Related: Chastened; chastening. Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth [Hebrews xii.6] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/chasten#etymonline_v_8461) tribulation (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/tribulation#etymonline_v_17805) • "a state of affliction or oppression, suffering, distress," c. 1200, from Old French tribulacion (12c.), from Church Latin tribulationem (nominative tribulatio) "distress, trouble, affliction," noun of action from past-participle stem of tribulare "to oppress, afflict," a figurative use by Christian writers of Latin tribulare "to press," also possibly "to thresh out grain," from tribulum "threshing sledge," from stem of terere "to rub" (from PIE root *tere- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*tere-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52779)(1) "to rub, turn") + -bulum, suffix forming names of tools. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/tribulation#etymonline_v_17805) nepenthe (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/nepenthe#etymonline_v_6859) • 1590s, earlier nepenthes (1570s), "a drug or magic potion of Egypt mentioned in the 'Odyssey' as capable of banishing grief or trouble from the mind," from Greek nēpenthēs, from nē- "no, not" (from PIE root *ne- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ne-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"not") + penthos "pain, grief," from PIE root *kwent(h)- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*kwent(h)-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to suffer." The -s is a proper part of the word, but likely was mistaken in English as a plural affix and dropped. In medical use, "a drug having sedative properties" (1680s). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/nepenthe#etymonline_v_6859) mess (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/mess#etymonline_v_44569) • late 14c., "serve up (food) in portions," from mess (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mess?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_14696)(n.). Intransitive meaning "to share a mess, take one's meals in company with others" is from 1701; that of "make a mess of, disorder" is by 1853. Related: Messed; messing. To mess with "interfere, get involved" is by 1903; to mess up "make a mistake, get in trouble" is from 1933 (earlier "make disorderly, make a mess of," by 1892), both originally American English colloquial. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mess#etymonline_v_44569) afflict (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/afflict#etymonline_v_5201) • late 14c., "to cast down" (a sense now obsolete), from Old French aflicter, from Latin afflictare "to damage, harass, torment," frequentative of affligere (past participle afflictus) "to dash down, overthrow," from ad "to" (see ad-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ad-?ref=etymonline_crossreference) + fligere (past participle flictus) "to strike," from PIE root *bhlig- "to strike" (source also of Greek phlibein "to press, crush," Czech blizna "scar," Welsh blif "catapult"). • The weakened or transferred meaning "to trouble in body or mind, harass, distress," is attested from 1530s. Related: Afflicted;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/Afflicted?ref=etymonline_crossreference) afflicting. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/afflict#etymonline_v_5201) mar (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/mar#etymonline_v_9584) • Middle English merren "to deface, disfigure; impair in form or substance" (early 13c.), from Old English merran (Anglian), mierran (West Saxon) "to waste, spoil," from Proto-Germanic *marzjan (source also of Old Frisian meria, Old High German marren "to hinder, obstruct," Gothic marzjan "to hinder, offend"), from PIE root *mers- "to trouble, confuse" (source also of Sanskrit mrsyate "forgets, neglects," Lithuanian miršti "to forget"). For vowel change, see marsh.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/marsh?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related: Marred; marring. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mar#etymonline_v_9584) hardly (adv.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/hardly#etymonline_v_6157) • c. 1200, "in a hard manner, with great exertion or effort," from Old English heardlice "sternly, severely, harshly; bravely; excessively" (see hard (https://www.etymonline.com/word/hard?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6156)(adj.) + -ly (https://www.etymonline.com/word/-ly?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_32027)(2)). Hence "assuredly, certainly" (early 14c.). Main modern sense of "barely, just" (1540s) reverses this, via the intermediate meaning "not easily, with trouble" (early 15c.). Formerly with superficial negative (not hardly). Similar formation in Old Saxon hardliko, German härtlich, Old Danish haardelig. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/hardly#etymonline_v_6157) infest (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/infest#etymonline_v_6437) • late 15c., "to attack, assail, hurt, distress, annoy," from Old French infester (14c.), from Latin infestare "to attack, disturb, trouble," from infestus "unsafe, hostile, threatening, dangerous," originally "inexorable, not able to be handled," from in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/in-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6284)(1)) + -festus, perhaps "(able to be) seized" (see manifest (https://www.etymonline.com/word/manifest?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6804)(adj.)). Sense of "swarm over in large numbers, attack parasitically" first recorded c. 1600. Related: Infested; infesting. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/infest#etymonline_v_6437) neglect (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/neglect#etymonline_v_2376) • 1520s, "omit to do or perform;" 1530s, "treat carelessly or heedlessly, treat with disrespect or without proper attention or care;" from Latin neglectus, past participle of neglegere "to make light of, disregard, be indifferent to, not heed, not trouble oneself about," literally "not to pick up," variant of neclegere, from Old Latin nec "not" (from PIE root *ne- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ne-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"not") + legere "pick up, select," from PIE root *leg- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*leg-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52572)(1) "to collect, gather." Related: Neglected;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/Neglected?ref=etymonline_crossreference) neglecting. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/neglect#etymonline_v_2376) malaise (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/malaise#etymonline_v_6722) • c. 1300, maleise "pain, suffering; sorrow, anxiety," also, by late 14c., "disease, sickness," from Old French malaise "difficulty, suffering, hardship," literally "ill-ease," from mal "bad" (see mal-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/mal-?ref=etymonline_crossreference) + aise "ease" (see ease (https://www.etymonline.com/word/ease?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_946)(n.)). The current use, in the sense of "unease, discomfort," especially "an indefinite feeling of uneasiness," is perhaps a mid-18c. reborrowing from Modern French. A Middle English verbal form, malasen "to trouble, distress" (mid-15c.), from Old French malaisier, did not endure. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/malaise#etymonline_v_6722) page 8 hate (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/hate#etymonline_v_6206) • Old English hatian "regard with extreme ill-will, have a passionate aversion to, treat as an enemy," from Proto-Germanic *haton (source also of Old Saxon haton, Old Norse hata, German hassen, Gothic hatan "to hate"), from PIE root *kad- "sorrow, hatred" (source also of Avestan sadra- "grief, sorrow, calamity;" Greek kēdos "care, trouble, sorrow, mourning, funeral rites;" Welsh cas "pain, anger"). Related: Hated; hating. French haine (n.), haïr (v.) are from Germanic. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/hate#etymonline_v_6206) sorrow (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/sorrow#etymonline_v_23907) • Old English sorg "grief, regret, trouble, care, pain, anxiety," from Proto-Germanic *sorg- (source also of Old Saxon sorga, Old Norse sorg, Middle Dutch sorghe, Dutch zorg, Old High German soraga, German sorge, Gothic saurga), perhaps from PIE *swergh- "to worry, be sick" (source also of Sanskrit surksati "cares for," Lithuanian sergu, sirgti "to be sick," Old Church Slavonic sraga "sickness," Old Irish serg "sickness"). Not connected etymologically with sore (https://www.etymonline.com/word/sore?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_23902)(adj.) or sorry.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/sorry?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/sorrow#etymonline_v_23907) pester (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pester#etymonline_v_12777) • 1520s, "to clog, entangle, encumber" (a sense now obsolete), probably a shortening of empester, impester, from French empestrer "place in an embarrassing situation" (Modern French empêtrer, Walloon epasturer), from Vulgar Latin *impastoriare "to hobble" (an animal), from Latin im- "in" + Medieval Latin pastoria (chorda) "(rope) to hobble an animal," from Latin pastoria, fem. of pastorius "of a herdsman," from pastor "herdsman" (see pastor (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pastor?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_7307)(n.)). • Or directly from the French word. The sense of "annoy, disturb, trouble" (1560s) is from influence of pest.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pest?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related: Pestered; pestering. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pester#etymonline_v_12777) mandible (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/mandible#etymonline_v_6782) • late 14c., "jaw, jawbone," from Late Latin mandibula "jaw," from Latin mandere "to chew," which is perhaps from PIE root *mendh- "to chew" (source also of Greek mastax "the mouth, that with which one chews; morsel, that which is chewed," masasthai "to chew," mastikhan "to gnash the teeth"). But de Vaan suggests a semantic development from a PIE root meaning "to stir, whirl," source also of Sanskrit manthanti "to whirl round, rub," Lithuanian mesti "to mix," Old Church Slavonic mesti, Russian mjasti "to trouble, disturb." Of insect mouth parts from 1826. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mandible#etymonline_v_6782) comfort (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/comfort#etymonline_v_17214) • late 13c., conforten "to cheer up, console, soothe when in grief or trouble," from Old French conforter "to comfort, to solace; to help, strengthen," from Late Latin confortare "to strengthen much" (used in Vulgate), from assimilated form of Latin com-, here perhaps an intensive prefix (see com-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/com-?ref=etymonline_crossreference), + fortis "strong" (see fort)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/fort?ref=etymonline_crossreference). The change of -n- to -m- began in English 14c. In Middle English also "give or add strength to" (c. 1300); "encourage, urge, exhort" (c. 1300). Related: Comforted; comforting. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/comfort#etymonline_v_17214) brew (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/brew#etymonline_v_17097) • "produce (a beverage) by fermentation; prepare by mixing and boiling," Old English breowan (class II strong verb, past tense breaw, past participle browen), from Proto-Germanic *breuwan "to brew" (source also of Old Norse brugga, Old Frisian briuwa, Middle Dutch brouwen, Old High German briuwan, German brauen "to brew"), from PIE root *bhreu- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*bhreu-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to boil, bubble, effervesce, burn;" the etymological sense thus being "make (a drink) by boiling." Intransitive, figurative sense of "be in preparation" (of trouble, etc.) is from c. 1300. Related: Brewed; brewing. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/brew#etymonline_v_17097) poignant (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/poignant#etymonline_v_17535) • late 14c., poinaunt, "painful to physical or mental feeling" (of sauce, spice, wine as well as things that affect the feelings), from Old French poignant "sharp, pointed" (13c.), present participle of poindre "to prick, sting," from Latin pungere "to prick, pierce, sting," figuratively, "to vex, grieve, trouble, afflict" (from suffixed form of PIE root *peuk- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*peuk-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to prick"). Related: Poignantly. • The sense of "sharp to the taste" is now obsolete. The word contains an etymological double-reverse. Latin pungere is from the same root as Latin pugnus "fist," and represents a Latin metathesis of -n- and -g- that was reversed in French. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/poignant#etymonline_v_17535) murmur (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/murmur#etymonline_v_19286) • late 14c., "expression of (popular) discontent or complaint by grumbling," from Old French murmure "murmur, sound of human voices; trouble, argument" (12c.), noun of action from murmurer "to murmur," from Latin murmurare "to murmur, mutter," from murmur (n.) "a hum, muttering, rushing," probably from a PIE reduplicative base *mor-mor, of imitative origin (source also of Sanskrit murmurah "crackling fire," Greek mormyrein "to roar, boil," Lithuanian murmlenti "to murmur"). • Meaning "a low sound continuously repeated" (of bees, streams, etc.) is by c. 1400. That of "softly spoken words" is from 1670s. Medical sense of "sound heard in auscultation" is by 1824. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/murmur#etymonline_v_19286) paean (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/paean#etymonline_v_2981) • "hymn of praise, song of triumph;" in general use, "a loud and joyous song," 1590s, from Latin paean "hymn of deliverance, hymn to a help-giving god," from Greek paian "hymn, chant, hymn to Apollo," from Paian, Paiōn, a name of the god of healing; originally the physician of the gods (in Homer), later merged with Apollo; literally "one who touches" (i.e. "one who heals by a touch"), probably taken from a phrase or word at the beginning of the hymn, from paio "to touch, strike." The notion seems to be either a cry asking for aid in war or other trouble, or a giving thanks for aid received. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/paean#etymonline_v_2981) ado (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ado#etymonline_v_5135) • late 14c., "conflict, fighting; difficulty, trouble," a contraction of at (https://www.etymonline.com/word/at?ref=etymonline_crossreference)do,(https://www.etymonline.com/word/do?ref=etymonline_crossreference) literally "to do," a dialectal northern English formation in the Norse-influenced areas of England, as some Scandinavian languages used at with the infinitive of a verb where Modern English uses to. From use of the infinitive in much ado ("much to do") and similar phrases, ado came to be regarded as a noun. Compare the sense evolution in to-do (https://www.etymonline.com/word/to-do?ref=etymonline_crossreference)and affair (https://www.etymonline.com/word/affair?ref=etymonline_crossreference)(from French infinitive phrase à faire "to do"). The weakened meaning "fuss" is from early 15c. Also used in Middle English for "dealings, traffic," and "sexual intercourse" (both c. 1400). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/ado#etymonline_v_5135) page 9 ail (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ail#etymonline_v_8071) • c. 1300, from Old English eglan "to trouble, plague, afflict," from Proto-Germanic *azljaz (source also of Old English egle "hideous, loathsome, troublesome, painful;" Gothic agls "shameful, disgraceful," agliþa "distress, affliction, hardship," us-agljan "to oppress, afflict"), from PIE *agh-lo-, suffixed form of root *agh- (1) "to be depressed, be afraid." Related: Ailed; ailing;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ailing?ref=etymonline_crossreference) ails. From late Old English also of mental states and moods. It is remarkable, that this word is never used but with some indefinite term, or the word no thing; as What ails him? ... Thus we never say, a fever ails him. [Johnson] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/ail#etymonline_v_8071) Dumpster (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/Dumpster#etymonline_v_31950) • 1930s, from Dempster-Dumpster trash-hauling mechanism, patented by Dempster Brothers and probably named from dump (https://www.etymonline.com/word/dump?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_15988)(v.) with the surname in mind. Dumpster diving attested from 1979. Dumpster fire, in figurative reference to a situation that is calamitous, foul, and unfixable (and possibly not worth the trouble of attempting to fix) or a person perceived as a walking cascade of failures and bad decisions, emerged into popularity in 2015, in the run-up to the 2016 U.S. presidential election. • The surname (late 13c.) is a fem. form (but, like Baxter, probably used also of men) of Deemer, a North of England and Manx term for "a judge;" see deem (https://www.etymonline.com/word/deem?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_891)(v.). • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/Dumpster#etymonline_v_31950) patsy (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/patsy#etymonline_v_10173) • "fall guy, victim of a deception," by 1903, of uncertain origin, possibly an alteration of Italian pazzo "madman" (see patch (https://www.etymonline.com/word/patch?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_10134)(n.2)), or south Italian dialectal paccio "fool." Another theory traces it to Patsy Bolivar, character created by Billy B. Van in an 1890s vaudeville skit who was blamed whenever anything went wrong. "Poor Rogers," Vincent said, still smiling, "he is always the 'Patsy Bolivar' of the school." "Yes," Frank answered, "if there are any mistakes to be made or trouble to fall into, Rogers seems to be always the victim." ["Anthony Yorke," "A College Boy," 1899] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/patsy#etymonline_v_10173) silver lining (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/silver%20lining#etymonline_v_40713) • a "bright side" which proverbially accompanies even the darkest trouble; by 1843, apparently from oft-quoted lines from Milton's "Comus," where the silver lining is the light of the moon shining from behind the cloud. Was I deceived? or did a sable cloud Turn forth her silver lining on the night? I did not err, there does a sable cloud, Turn out her silver lining on the night And casts a gleam over this tufted grove. To which Thomas Warton added the commentary: "When all succour ſeems to be lost, Heaven unexpectedly presents the ſilver lining oſ a ſable cloud to the virtuous." • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/silver%20lining#etymonline_v_40713) negotiation (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/negotiation#etymonline_v_2381) • early 15c., negotiacioun, "a dealing with people, trafficking," from Old French negociacion "business, trade," and directly from Latin negotiationem (nominative negotiatio) "business, traffic," noun of action from past participle stem of negotiari "carry on business, do business, act as a banker," from negotium "a business, employment, occupation, affair (public or private)," also "difficulty, pains, trouble, labor," literally "lack of leisure," from neg- "not" (from PIE root *ne- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ne-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"not") + otium "ease, leisure," a word of unknown origin. The sense expansion from "doing business" to also include "bargaining" about anything took place in Latin. Meaning "mutual discussion and arrangement of the terms of a transaction or agreement" is from 1570s. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/negotiation#etymonline_v_2381) ballyhoo (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ballyhoo#etymonline_v_235) • "publicity, hype," 1908, from circus slang, "a short sample of a sideshow" used to lure customers (1901), which is of unknown origin. The word seems to have been in use in various colloquial senses in the 1890s. To catch ballyhoo is attested from 1895 in sense "be in trouble." There is a village of Ballyhooly in County Cork, Ireland, (the Bally- is a common Irish place-name element meaning "a town, village") but no evident sense connection. In nautical lingo, ballahou or ballahoo (1867, perhaps 1836) was a sailor's contemptuous word for any vessel they disliked (from Spanish balahu "schooner"). As a verb from 1901 (implied in ballyhooer). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/ballyhoo#etymonline_v_235) negligee (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/negligee#etymonline_v_2377) • 1756, "a kind of loose gown worn by women," from French négligée, noun use of fem. past participle of négligier "to neglect" (14c.), from Latin neglegere "to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself about," also "to make light of" (see neglect (https://www.etymonline.com/word/neglect?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_2376)(v.)). • So called in comparison to the elaborate costume of a fully dressed woman of the period. Grose ["Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1788] reports it "vulgarly termed a neggledigee." The word was borrowed again c.1835; the modern sense "semi-transparent, flimsy, lacy dressing gown" is yet another revival, recorded from 1930. It also was used in the U.S. funeral industry mid-20c. for "shroud of a corpse." Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/negligee#etymonline_v_2377) sanctum (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/sanctum#etymonline_v_22692) • 1570s, "holy place of the Jewish tabernacle," from Latin sanctum "a holy place," as in Late Latin sanctum sanctorum "holy of holies" (translating Greek to hagion ton hagiou, translating Hebrew qodesh haqqodashim), from neuter of sanctus "holy" (see saint (https://www.etymonline.com/word/saint?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_22610)(n.)). In English, sanctum sanctorum attested from c. 1400; in the sense of "a person's private room or retreat" it is attested by 1706. I had no need to make any change ; I should not be called upon to quit my sanctum of the school-room — for a sanctum it was now become to me —a very pleasant refuge in time of trouble. ["Jane Eyre"] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/sanctum#etymonline_v_22692) resistance (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/resistance#etymonline_v_30470) • mid-14c., resistence, "moral or political opposition;" late 14c., "military or armed physical opposition by force; difficulty, trouble," from Old French resistance, earlier resistence, and directly from Medieval Latin resistentia, from present-participle stem of Latin resistere "make a stand against, oppose" (see resist)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/resist?ref=etymonline_crossreference). • From 1580s as "power or capacity of resisting." The meaning "organized covert opposition to an occupying or ruling power" [OED] is from 1939. The electromagnetic sense of "non-conductivity" is from 1760. Also used in science and engineering with a sense of "force exerted by a medium to retard motion through it," hence the figurative phrase path of least resistance "easiest method or course" (1825), earlier a term in physical sciences and engineering. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/resistance#etymonline_v_30470) page 10 escape (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/escape#etymonline_v_11603) • c. 1300, transitive and intransitive, "free oneself from confinement; extricate oneself from trouble; get away safely by flight (from battle, an enemy, etc.)," from Old North French escaper, Old French eschaper (12c., Modern French échapper), from Vulgar Latin *excappare, literally "get out of one's cape, leave a pursuer with just one's cape," from Latin ex- "out of" (see ex-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ex-?ref=etymonline_crossreference) + Late Latin cappa "mantle" (see cap (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cap?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_694)(n.)). Mid-14c., of things, "get or keep out of a person's grasp, elude (notice, perception, attention, etc.);" late 14c. as "avoid experiencing or suffering (something), avoid physical contact with; avoid (a consequence)." Formerly sometimes partly Englished as outscape (c. 1500). Related: Escaped; escaping. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/escape#etymonline_v_11603) plunge (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/plunge#etymonline_v_46564) • c. 1400, "a deep pool," from plunge (https://www.etymonline.com/word/plunge?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_17497)(v.). From late 15c. as "a sudden pitch forward;" meaning "act of plunging, a sudden immersion in something" is from 1711. Figurative use in take the plunge "commit oneself" is by 1823, from an earlier noun sense of "point of being in trouble or danger, immersion in difficulty or distress" (1530s); the exact phrase might owe its popularity to its appearance in "The Vicar of Wakefield" (1766), which everybody read: Mr. Thornhill's assurance had entirely forsaken him : he now saw the gulph of infamy and want before him, and trembled to take the plunge. He therefore fell on his knees before his uncle, and in a voice of piercing misery implored compassion. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/plunge#etymonline_v_46564) relieve (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/relieve#etymonline_v_10379) • late 14c., releven, "alleviate (pain, etc.) wholly or partly, mitigate; afford comfort; allow respite; diminish the pressure of," also "give alms to, provide for;" also figuratively, "take heart, cheer up;" from Old French relever "to raise, relieve" (11c.) and directly from Latin relevare "to raise, alleviate, lift up, free from a burden," from re-, here perhaps an intensive prefix (see re-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/re-?ref=etymonline_crossreference), + levare "to lift up, lighten," from levis "not heavy" (from PIE root *legwh- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*legwh-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"not heavy, having little weight"). • The notion is "to raise (someone) out of trouble." From c. 1400 as "advance to the rescue in battle, bring help to a besieged place;" also "return from battle; recall (troops)." Meaning "release from duty" is from early 15c. Related: relieved; relieving. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/relieve#etymonline_v_10379) plight (n.1)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/plight#etymonline_v_16502) • late Old English pliht, "danger, harm, trouble; strife," from Anglo-French plit, pleit, Old French pleit, ploit "condition" (13c.), originally "way of folding," from Vulgar Latin *plictum, from Latin plicitum, neuter past participle of Latin plicare "to fold, lay" (from PIE root *plek-"(https://www.etymonline.com/word/*plek-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)to plait"). A doublet of plait (https://www.etymonline.com/word/plait?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_45423)(n.). • Originally "condition or state," usually "a bad condition or state" but sometimes in a neutral sense (as in modern French en bon plit "in good condition"); the predominant sense of "harmful state" (and current spelling) probably is from convergence and confusion with plight (n.2) via a notion of "entangling risk, pledge or promise with great risk to the pledger." Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/plight#etymonline_v_16502) pungent (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pungent#etymonline_v_2867) • 1590s, "sharp and painful, poignant, piercing," originally figurative, of pain or grief, from Latin pungentem (nominative pungens), present participle of pungere "to prick, pierce, sting," figuratively, "to vex, grieve, trouble, afflict" (from suffixed form of PIE root *peuk- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*peuk-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to prick"). For sense development, compare piquant;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/piquant?ref=etymonline_crossreference) sharp (https://www.etymonline.com/word/sharp?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_23353)(adj.). • Meaning "having powerful odor or taste, sharply affecting the sense of smell" is recorded by 1660s; in reference to writing, etc., "sharply affecting the mind, curt and expressive" is by 1850. The literal sense of "sharp, pointed" (c. 1600) is very rare in English and mostly limited to botany. • Middle English and early Modern English also had a now-obsolete verb punge "to prick, pierce; to smart, cause to sting," from Latin pungere. Related: Pungently. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pungent#etymonline_v_2867) irk (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/irk#etymonline_v_12228) • early 15c., irken, "to trouble (someone), disturb, hinder, annoy;" earlier "be lax, slow, or unwilling (in doing something); be displeased or discontented" (early 14c.); "be weary of, be disgusted with" (c. 1400); of uncertain origin, perhaps from Old Norse yrka "to work" (see work (https://www.etymonline.com/word/work?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_25525)(v.)). • Watkins suggests it is related to Old Norse yrkja "work." Middle High German erken "to disgust" also has been suggested. A Middle English adjective, irk, meaning "weary, tired, bored; distressed, troubled; troublesome, annoying," is attested from c. 1300 in Northern and Midlands writing; it is sometimes said to be from the verb, but it is older, and Middle English Compendium says this is probably Celtic, and compares Old Irish arcoat "he injures," erchoat "harm, injury." Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/irk#etymonline_v_12228) pragmatic (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pragmatic#etymonline_v_18604) • 1610s, "meddlesome, impertinently busy," short for earlier pragmatical,(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pragmatical?ref=etymonline_crossreference) or else from French pragmatique (15c.), from Latin pragmaticus "skilled in business or law," from Greek pragmatikos "fit for business, active, business-like; systematic," from pragma (genitive pragmatos) "a deed, act; that which has been done; a thing, matter, affair," especially an important one; also a euphemism for something bad or disgraceful; in plural, "circumstances, affairs" (public or private, often in a bad sense, "trouble"), literally "a thing done," from stem of prassein/prattein "to do, act, perform" (see practical)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/practical?ref=etymonline_crossreference). • From 1640s as "relating to the affairs of a state or community." Meaning "matter-of-fact, treating facts systematically and practically" is from 1853 (Matthew Arnold). In some later senses from German pragmatisch. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pragmatic#etymonline_v_18604) gremlin (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/gremlin#etymonline_v_11959) • "small imaginary creature blamed for mechanical failures," oral use in R.A.F. aviators' slang from Malta, the Middle East and India is said to date to 1923. First printed use perhaps in poem in journal "Aeroplane" April 10, 1929; certainly in use by 1941, and popularized in World War II and picked up by Americans (for example New York Times Magazine April 11, 1943). Of unknown origin. OED says "probably formed by analogy with GOBLIN." Speculations in Barnhart are a possible dialectal survival of Old English gremman "to anger, vex" + the -lin of goblin; or Irish gruaimin "bad-tempered little fellow." Surfer slang for "young surfer, beach trouble-maker" is from 1961 (short form gremmie by 1962). Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/gremlin#etymonline_v_11959) indolence (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/indolence#etymonline_v_6398) • c. 1600, "indifference to pain," from French indolence (16c.) or directly from Late Latin indolentia "freedom from pain, insensibility," abstract noun from Latin indolentem (nominative indolens) "insensitive to pain," from in- "not, opposite of, without" (see in- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/in-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6284)(1)) + dolentem (nominative dolens) "grieving," present participle of dolere "suffer pain, grieve" (see doleful)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/doleful?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Originally of prisoners under torture, etc. The intermediate sense "state of rest or ease neither pleasant nor painful" (1650s) is now obsolete as well; main modern sense of "laziness, love of ease" (1710) perhaps reflects the notion of avoiding trouble (compare taking pains "working hard, striving (to do)"). The Castle hight of Indolence, And its false Luxury; Where for a little Time, alas! We liv'd right jollity. [Thomson, "The Castle of Indolence," 1748] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/indolence#etymonline_v_6398) hangnail (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/hangnail#etymonline_v_1442) • also hang-nail, "sore strip of partially detached flesh at the side of a nail of the finger or toe," probably a 17c. or earlier folk etymology and sense alteration (as if from hang (v.) + (finger) nail) of Middle English agnail, angnail "a corn on the foot," from Old English agnail, angnail. The literal sense probably is "painful spike" (in the flesh). The first element would be Proto-Germanic *ang- "compressed, hard, painful" (from PIE root *angh- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*angh-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"tight, painfully constricted, painful"). The second element is Old English nægl "spike" (see nail (https://www.etymonline.com/word/nail?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_2258)(n.)). • Compare Old English angnes "anxiety, trouble, pain, fear;" angset "eruption, pustule." OED also compares Latin clavus, which "was both a nail (of iron, etc.) and a corn on the foot." Similar compounding in Old High German ungnagel, Frisian ongneil. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/hangnail#etymonline_v_1442) page 11 plague (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/plague#etymonline_v_16423) • late 14c., plage, "affliction, calamity, evil, scourge, severe trouble or vexation;" early 15c., "malignant disease," from Old French plage (14c., Modern French plaie), from Late Latin plaga "affliction; slaughter, destruction," used in Vulgate for "pestilence," from Latin plaga "stroke, wound," probably from root of plangere "to strike, lament (by beating the breast)," from or cognate with Greek (Doric) plaga "blow" (from PIE root *plak- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*plak-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52839)(2) "to strike"). • Sometimes in Middle English also "a strike, a blow" (late 14c.). The Latin word also is the source of Old Irish plag (genitive plaige) "plague, pestilence," German Plage, Dutch plaage. Meaning "epidemic that causes many deaths" is from 1540s; specifically in reference to bubonic plague from c. 1600. Modern spelling follows French, which had plague from 15c. Weakened sense of "anything annoying" is from c. 1600. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/plague#etymonline_v_16423) labor (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/labor#etymonline_v_41652) • late 14c., "perform manual or physical work; work hard; keep busy; take pains, strive, endeavor" (also "copulate"), from Old French laborer "to work, toil; struggle, have difficulty; be busy; plow land," from Latin laborare "to work, endeavor, take pains, exert oneself; produce by toil; suffer, be afflicted; be in distress or difficulty," from labor "toil, work, exertion" (see labor (https://www.etymonline.com/word/labor?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_1970)(n.)). • The verb in modern French, Spanish, and Portuguese means "to plow;" the wider sense being taken by the equivalent of English travail. Sense of "endure pain, suffer" is early 15c., especially in phrase labor of child (mid-15c.). Meaning "be burdened" (with trouble, affliction, etc., usually with under) is from late 15c. The transitive senses have tended to go with belabor.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/belabor?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Related: Labored;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/Labored?ref=etymonline_crossreference) laboring. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/labor#etymonline_v_41652) annoy (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/annoy#etymonline_v_13478) • late 13c., anoien, annuien, "to harm, hurt, injure; be troublesome or vexatious to, disquiet, upset," from Anglo-French anuier, Old French enoiier "to weary, vex, anger," anuier "be troublesome or irksome to;" according to French sources both from Late Latin inodiare "make loathsome," from Latin (esse) in odio "(it is to me) hateful," from ablative of odium "hatred," from PIE root *od- (2) "to hate" (see odium)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/odium?ref=etymonline_crossreference). • Also in Middle English as a noun, "feeling of irritation, displeasure, distaste" (c. 1200, still in Shakespeare), from Old French enoi, anoi "annoyance;" the same French word was borrowed into English later in a different sense as ennui.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ennui?ref=etymonline_crossreference) And compare Spanish enojo "offense, injury, anger;" enojar "to molest, trouble, vex." Middle English also had annoyful and annoyous (both late 14c.). • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/annoy#etymonline_v_13478) double (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/double#etymonline_v_13970) • c. 1300, "twice as much or as large," also "repeated, occurring twice," also "of extra weight, thickness, size, or strength; of two layers," from Old French doble (10c.) "double, two-fold; two-faced, deceitful," from Latin duplus "twofold, twice as much," from duo "two" (from PIE root *dwo- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*dwo-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"two") + -plus "more" (see -plus)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/-plus?ref=etymonline_crossreference). • From early 14c. as "having a twofold character or relation," also "consisting of two in a set together; being a pair, coupled." From mid-14c. as "characterized by duplicity." The earliest recorded use in English is c. 1200, in double-feast "important Church festival." • Double-chinned is from late 14c.; double-jointed, of persons, is by 1828. Military double time (1833) originally was 130 steps per minute; double quick (adj.) "very quick, hurried" (1822) originally was military, "performed at double time." • The photographic double exposure is by 1872. The cinematic double feature is by 1916. Double figures "numbers that must be represented numerically by two figures" is by 1833. Double-vision is by 1714. Double indemnity in insurance is by 1832; double jeopardy is by 1817. The baseball double play is by 1866. • Double trouble "twice the trouble" is by 1520s; in 19c. America it was the name of a characteristic step of a rustic dance or breakdown, derived from slave dancing on plantations. A double-dip (n.) originally was an ice-cream cone made with two scoops (1936); the figurative sense is by 1940. Double bed "bed made to sleep two persons" is by 1779. Double life "a sustaining of two different characters in life" (typically one virtuous or respectable, the other not) is by 1888. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/double#etymonline_v_13970) insoluble (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/insoluble#etymonline_v_9338) • late 14c., "indestructible, unable to be loosened," also figuratively, of problems, etc., "incapable of being solved or explained," from Old French insoluble or directly from Latin insolubilis "that cannot be loosened," from in- "not" (see in- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/in-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6284)(1)) + solubilis "that can be loosened" (see soluble)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/soluble?ref=etymonline_crossreference). It was a tacit conviction of the learned during the Middle Ages that no such thing as an insoluble question existed. There might be matters that presented serious difficulties, but if you could lay them before the right man -- some Arab in Spain, for instance, omniscient by reason of studies into the details of which it was better not to inquire -- he would give you a conclusive answer. The real trouble was only to find your man. [Gertrude Bell, "The Desert and the Sown," 1907] Meaning "incapable of being dissolved in a liquid" is from 1713. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/insoluble#etymonline_v_9338) rock (v.1)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/rock#etymonline_v_15137) • [to sway, move backward and forward] Middle English rokken "rock (a cradle), cause to sway back and forth; rock (someone) in a cradle," from late Old English roccian "move a child gently to and fro" in a cradle, which is related to Old Norse rykkja "to pull, tear, move," Swedish rycka "to pull, pluck," Middle Dutch rucken, Old High German rucchan, German rücken "to move jerkily." • The intransitive sense of "move or sway back and forth unstably" is from late 14c. For the popular music senses, see rock (https://www.etymonline.com/word/rock?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_15138)(v.2). Related: Rocked; rocking.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/rocking?ref=etymonline_crossreference) • The earliest associations of the word were with slumber, rest, security. The sense of of "sway to and fro under some impact or stress" is from late 14c., especially of vessels in the waves (1510s); hence rock the boat in the figurative sense "stir up trouble" (1914). The sense of "swing to and fro in or as in a rocking chair" is by 1795. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/rock#etymonline_v_15137) prick (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/prick#etymonline_v_47409) • Middle English priken, from Old English prician "to pierce with a sharp point, prick out, place a point, dot, or mark upon; sting; cause a pricking sensation," from West Germanic *prikojan (source also of Low German pricken, Dutch prikken "to prick"), of uncertain origin. Danish prikke "to mark with dots," Swedish pricka "to point, prick, mark with dots" probably are from Low German. Related: Pricked; pricking. • From c. 1200 in a figurative sense of "to cause agitation, to distress, to trouble;" late 14c. as "incite, stir to action." Pricklouse (c. 1500) was a derisive name for a tailor. To prick up (one's) ears is 1580s, originally of animals with pointed ears (prycke-eared, of foxes or horses or dogs, is from early 15c.). thou prick-ear'd cur of Iceland! ["Henry V," ii. 1. 44.] Prick-me-dainty (1520s) was an old term for one who is affectedly finical. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/prick#etymonline_v_47409) need (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/need#etymonline_v_2366) • Middle English nede, from Old English nied (West Saxon), ned (Mercian) "what is required, wanted, or desired; necessity, compulsion, the constraint of unavoidable circumstances; duty; hardship, emergency, trouble, time of peril or distress; errand, business," originally "violence, force," from Proto-Germanic *nauthiz/*naudiz (source also of Old Saxon nod, Old Norse nauðr "distress, emergency, need," Old Frisian ned, "force, violence; danger, anxiety, fear; need," Middle Dutch, Dutch nood "need, want, distress, peril," Old High German not, German Not "need, distress, necessity, hardship," Gothic nauþs "need"). • This is apparently from a root *nauti- "death, to be exhausted," source also of Old English ne, neo, Old Norse na, Gothic naus "corpse;" Old Irish naunae "famine, shortage," Old Cornish naun "corpse;" Old Church Slavonic navi "corpse," nazda, Russian nuzda, Polish nędza "misery, distress;" Old Prussian nowis "corpse," nautin "need, distress," nawe "death;" Lithuanian novyti "to torture, kill," nove "death." As it is attested only in Germanic, Celtic, and Balto-Slavic, it might be non-PIE, from a regional substrate language. • From 12c. as "lack of something that is necessary or important; state or condition of needing something;" also "a necessary act, required work or duty." Meaning "extreme poverty, destitution, want of means of subsistence" is from early 14c. • The more common Old English word for "need, necessity, want" was ðearf, but they were connected via a notion of "trouble, pain," and the two formed a compound, niedðearf "need, necessity, compulsion, thing needed." Nied also might have been influenced by Old English neod "desire, longing," which often was spelled the same. Nied was common in Old English compounds, such as niedfaru "compulsory journey," a euphemism for "death;" niedhæmed "rape" (the second element being an Old English word meaning "sexual intercourse"); niedling "slave." • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/need#etymonline_v_2366) wave (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/wave#etymonline_v_4859) • "moving billow of water," 1520s, alteration (by influence of wave (https://www.etymonline.com/word/wave?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_4858)(v.)) of Middle English waw, which is from Old English wagian "to move to and fro," from Proto-Germanic *wag- (source also of Old Saxon, Old High German wag, Old Frisian weg, Old Norse vagr "water in motion, wave, billow," Gothic wegs "tempest"), probably from PIE root *wegh- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*wegh-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to go, move." The usual Old English word for "moving billow of water" was yð. • The "hand motion" meaning is recorded from 1680s; meaning "undulating line" is recorded from 1660s. Of people in masses, first recorded 1852; in physics, from 1832. Sense in heat wave is from 1843. The crowd stunt in stadiums is attested under this name from 1984, the thing itself said to have been done first Oct. 15, 1981, at the Yankees-A's AL championship series game in the Oakland Coliseum; soon picked up and popularized at University of Washington. To make waves "cause trouble" is attested from 1962. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/wave#etymonline_v_4859) affray (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/affray#etymonline_v_5204) • c. 1300, "fear, terror, state of alarm produced by a sudden disturbance," from Old French affrai, effrei, esfrei "disturbance, fright," from esfreer (v.) "to worry, concern, trouble, disturb," from Vulgar Latin *exfridare, a hybrid word meaning literally "to take out of peace." • The first element is from Latin ex "out of" (see ex-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ex-?ref=etymonline_crossreference). The second is Frankish *frithu "peace," from Proto-Germanic *frithuz "peace, consideration, forbearance" (source also of Old Saxon frithu, Old English friðu, Old High German fridu "peace, truce," German Friede "peace"), from a suffixed form of PIE root *pri- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*pri-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to be friendly, to love. • Meaning "breach of the peace, riotous fight in public" is from late 15c., via the notion of "disturbance causing terror." The French verb also entered Middle English, as afrey "to terrify, frighten" (early 14c.), but it survives almost exclusively in its past participle, afraid (https://www.etymonline.com/word/afraid?ref=etymonline_crossreference)(q.v.). • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/affray#etymonline_v_5204) page 12 cost (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/cost#etymonline_v_19131) • c. 1200, "price, value," from Old French cost "cost, outlay, expenditure; hardship, trouble" (12c., Modern French coût), from Vulgar Latin *costare, from Latin constare, literally "to stand at" (or with), with a wide range of figurative senses including "to cost," from an assimilated form of com "with, together" (see co-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/co-?ref=etymonline_crossreference) + stare "to stand," from PIE root *sta- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*sta-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to stand, make or be firm." • The idiom is the same one used in Modern English when someone says something stands at X dollars to mean it "sells for X dollars." The meaning "equivalent price given for a thing or service rendered, outlay of money" is from c. 1300. Cost of living is from 1889. To count the cost "consider beforehand the probable consequences" is attested by 1800. • In phrases such as at all costs there may be an influence or echo of obsolete cost (n.) "manner, way, course of action," from Old English cyst "choice, election, thing chosen." Compare late Old English alre coste "in any way, at all." • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cost#etymonline_v_19131) labor (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/labor#etymonline_v_1970) • c. 1300, "a task, a project" (such as the labors of Hercules); later "exertion of the body; trouble, difficulty, hardship" (late 14c.), from Old French labor "toil, work, exertion, task; tribulation, suffering" (12c., Modern French labeur), from Latin labor "toil, exertion; hardship, pain, fatigue; a work, a product of labor," a word of uncertain origin. Some sources venture that it could be related to labere "to totter" on the notion of "tottering under a burden," but de Vaan finds this unconvincing. The native word is work.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/work?ref=etymonline_crossreference) • Meaning "body of laborers considered as a class" (usually contrasted to capitalists) is from 1839; for the British political sense see labour.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/labour?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Sense of "physical exertions of childbirth" is attested from 1590s, short for labour of birthe (early 15c.); the sense also is found in Old French, and compare French en travail "in (childbirth) suffering" (see travail)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/travail?ref=etymonline_crossreference). Labor Day was first marked 1882 in New York City. The prison labor camp is attested from 1900. Labor-saving (adj.) is from 1776. Labor of love is by 1797. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/labor#etymonline_v_1970) dismay (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/dismay#etymonline_v_11456) • c. 1300, dismaien, "become or be alarmed, upset, or frightened; to confound, break down the courage of by danger or difficulty or fear of calamity, fill with despairing apprehension;" perhaps formed in Anglo-French or Middle English from dis-, here probably intensive (see dis-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/dis-?ref=etymonline_crossreference), + amaien, esmaien, from Old French esmaier "to trouble, disturb." • This is from Vulgar Latin *exmagare "divest of power or ability" (source of Italian smagare "to weaken, dismay, discourage"), from ex- (see ex-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ex-?ref=etymonline_crossreference) + Proto-Germanic *magan "to be able" (source also of Old High German magen "to be powerful or able"), from PIE root *magh- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*magh-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to be able, have power." • There also was an Old French *desmaier (attested only in past participle dismaye), from de-, intensive prefix, + Old French esmaier, which also might be the source of the Middle English word. Spanish desmayer "to be dispirited" is a loan word from Old French. Related: Dismayed; dismaying. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/dismay#etymonline_v_11456) courage (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/courage#etymonline_v_19178) • c. 1300, corage, "heart (as the seat of emotions)," hence "spirit, temperament, state or frame of mind,"from Old French corage "heart, innermost feelings; temper" (12c., Modern French courage), from Vulgar Latin *coraticum (source of Italian coraggio, Spanish coraje), from Latin cor "heart" (from PIE root *kerd- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*kerd-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"heart"). • Meaning "valor, quality of mind which enables one to meet danger and trouble without fear" is from late 14c. In this sense Old English had ellen, which also meant "zeal, strength." Words for "heart" also commonly are metaphors for inner strength. • In Middle English, the word was used broadly for "what is in one's mind or thoughts," hence "bravery," but also "wrath, pride, confidence, lustiness," or any sort of inclination, and it was used in various phrases, such as bold corage "brave heart," careful corage "sad heart," fre corage "free will," wikked corage "evil heart." The saddest thing in life is that the best thing in it should be courage. [Robert Frost] Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/courage#etymonline_v_19178) start (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/start#etymonline_v_22010) • Old English *steortian, *stiertan, Kentish variants of styrtan "to leap up" (attested only in Northumbrian past participle sturtende), from Proto-Germanic *stert- (source also of Old Frisian stirta "to fall, tumble," Middle Dutch sterten, Dutch storten "to rush, fall," Old High German sturzen, German stürzen "to hurl, throw, plunge"). According to Watkins, the notion is "move briskly, move swiftly," and the Proto-Germanic word is from PIE root *ster- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ster-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_52593)(1) "stiff." • From "move or spring suddenly," sense evolved by c. 1300 to "awaken suddenly, flinch or recoil in alarm," and by 1660s to "cause to begin acting or operating." Meaning "begin to move, leave, depart" (without implication of suddenness) is from 1821. The connection probably is from sporting senses ("to force an animal from its lair," late 14c.). Transitive sense of "set in motion or action" is from 1670s; specifically as "to set (machinery) in action" from 1841. • Related: Started; starting. To start something "cause trouble" is 1915, American English colloquial. To start over "begin again" is from 1912. Starting-line in running is from 1855; starting-block in running first recorded 1937. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/start#etymonline_v_22010) curse (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/curse#etymonline_v_492) • late Old English curs "a prayer that evil or harm befall one; consignment of a person to an evil fate," of uncertain origin. No similar word exists in Germanic, Romance, or Celtic. Middle English Compendium says probably from Latin cursus "course" (see course (https://www.etymonline.com/word/course?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_19181)(n.)) in the Christian sense "set of daily liturgical prayers" extended to "set of imprecations" as in the sentence of the great curse, "the formula read in churches four times a year, setting forth the various offenses which entailed automatic excommunication of the offender; also, the excommunication so imposed." Connection with cross is unlikely. Another suggested source is Old French curuz "anger." • Meaning "the evil which has been invoked upon one, that which causes severe trouble" is from early 14c. Curses as a histrionic exclamation ("curses upon him/her/it") is by 1680s. The curse in 19c. was the sentence imposed upon Adam and Eve in Genesis iii.16-19. The slang sense "menstruation" is from 1930. Curse of Scotland, the 9 of diamonds in cards, is attested from 1791, but the signification is obscure. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/curse#etymonline_v_492) mischief (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/mischief#etymonline_v_16251) • c. 1300, "evil condition, misfortune; hardship, need, want; wickedness, wrongdoing, evil," from Old French meschief "misfortune, harm, trouble; annoyance, vexation" (12c., Modern French méchef), verbal noun from meschever "come or bring to grief, be unfortunate" (opposite of achieve), from mes- "badly" (see mis- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mis-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_16238)(2)) + chever "happen, come to a head," from Vulgar Latin *capare "head," from Latin caput "head" (from PIE root *kaput- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*kaput-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"head"). • Meaning "harm or evil considered as the work of some agent or due to some cause" is from late 15c. Sense of "playful malice" is recorded by 1784. The meaning has softened with time; in Middle English to be full of mischief was to be miserable; to make mischief was "to result in misery." • Mischief Night in 19c. England was the eve of May Day and of Nov. 5, both major holidays, and perhaps the original point was pilfering for the next day's celebration and bonfire; but in Yorkshire, Scotland, and Ireland the night was Halloween. The useful Middle English verb mischieve (early 14c.), used by Skelton and Gavin Douglas, has, for some reason, fallen from currency. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/mischief#etymonline_v_16251) confused (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/confused#etymonline_v_28607) • early 14c., "discomfited, routed, defeated" (of groups), serving at first as an alternative past participle of confound,(https://www.etymonline.com/word/confound?ref=etymonline_crossreference) as Latin confusus was the past participle of confundere "to pour together, mix, mingle; to join together;" hence, figuratively, "to throw into disorder; to trouble, disturb, upset." The Latin past participle also was used as an adjective, with reference to mental states, "troubled, embarrassed," and this passed into Old French as confus "dejected, downcast, undone, defeated, discomfited in mind or feeling," which passed to Middle English as confus (14c.; for example Chaucer's "I am so confus, that I may not seye"), which then was assimilated to the English past-participle pattern by addition of -ed. By mid-16c., the word evolved a back-formed verb in confuse.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/confuse?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Few English etymologies are more confusing. Of individuals, "discomfited in mind, perplexed," from mid-14c.; in logic, "indistinct, indistinguishable from other ideas from which it ought to be different," 1610s. Meaning "lacking orderly arrangement of parts" is from 1776. Related: Confusedly. Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/confused#etymonline_v_28607) creek (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/creek#etymonline_v_329) • mid-15c., creke "narrow inlet in a coastline," altered from kryk (early 13c.; in place names from 12c.), probably from Old Norse kriki "corner, nook," perhaps influenced by Anglo-French crique, itself from a Scandinavian source via Norman. Perhaps ultimately related to crook (https://www.etymonline.com/word/crook?ref=etymonline_crossreference)and with an original notion of "full of bends and turns" (compare dialectal Swedish krik "corner, bend; creek, cove"). • Extended to "inlet or short arm of a river" by 1570s, which probably led to use for "small stream, brook" in American English (1620s). In U.S. commonly pronounced and formerly sometimes spelled crick. Also used there and in Canada, Australia, New Zealand for "branch of a main river," possibly from explorers moving up main rivers and seeing and noting mouths of tributaries without knowing they often were extensive rivers of their own. • Slang phrase up the creek "in trouble" (often especially "pregnant") is attested by 1941, perhaps originally armed forces slang for "lost while on patrol," or perhaps a cleaned-up version of the older up shit creek in the same sense. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/creek#etymonline_v_329) afraid (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/afraid#etymonline_v_5215) • "impressed with fear, fearful," early 14c., originally the past participle of the now-obsolete Middle English verb afray "frighten," from Anglo-French afrayer, Old French affrai, effrei, esfrei "disturbance, fright," from esfreer (v.) "to worry, concern, trouble, disturb," from Vulgar Latin *exfridare, a hybrid word meaning literally "to take out of peace." • The first element is from Latin ex "out of" (see ex-)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ex-?ref=etymonline_crossreference). The second is Frankish *frithu "peace," from Proto-Germanic *frithuz "peace, consideration, forbearance" (source also of Old Saxon frithu, Old English friu, Old High German fridu "peace, truce," German Freide "peace"), from a suffixed form of PIE root *pri- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*pri-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to be friendly, to love." • A rare case of an English adjective that never stands before a noun. Because it was used in the King James Bible, it acquired independent standing and thrived while affray faded, and it chased off the once more common afeared.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/afeared?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Colloquial sense in I'm afraid "I regret to say, I suspect" (without implication of fear, as a polite introduction to a correction, admission, etc.) is first recorded 1590s. Her blue affrayed eyes wide open shone [Keats, "The Eve of St. Agnes," 1820] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/afraid#etymonline_v_5215) page 13 pettifogger (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pettifogger#etymonline_v_12804) • "inferior or petty attorney employed in small or mean business," or, as Henley has it, "An attorney of the baser sort: a sharking lawyer," 1560s, often treated as two words or hyphenated. The first is petty;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/petty?ref=etymonline_crossreference) the second element is probably provincial fogger "a huckster; a cheat, one who engages in mean or disreputable practices," which is perhaps from obsolete Dutch focker, from Flemish focken "to cheat," or from Middle English fugger; both words seem to be from Fugger the name of the renowned family of merchants and financiers of 15c.-16c. Augsburg. In German, Flemish and Dutch, the surname became a word for "monopolist, rich man, usurer." A 'petty Fugger' would mean one who on a small scale practices the dishonourable devices for gain popularly attributed to great financiers; it seems possible that the phrase 'petty fogger of the law,' applied in this sense to some notorious person, may have caught the popular fancy. [OED first edition] • However, OED also calls attention to pettifactor "legal agent who undertakes small cases" (1580s), which, though attested slightly later, might be the source of this. Related: Pettifoggery. A pettie fogger, a silly aduocate or lawyer, rather a trouble-Toune, hauing neither law nor conscience. [Minsheu, "Guide to Tongues," 1627] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pettifogger#etymonline_v_12804) eight (adj., n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/eight#etymonline_v_1047) • "1 more than seven, twice four; the number which is one more than seven; a symbol representing this number;" late 14c., eighte, earlier ehte (c. 1200), from Old English eahta, æhta, from Proto-Germanic *akhto (source also of Old Saxon ahto, Old Frisian ahta, Old Norse atta, Swedish åtta, Dutch acht, Old High German Ahto, German acht, Gothic ahtau), from PIE *okto(u) "eight" (source also of Sanskrit astau, Avestan ashta, Greek okto, Latin octo, Old Irish ocht-n, Breton eiz, Old Church Slavonic osmi, Lithuanian aštuoni). From the Latin word come Italian otto, Spanish ocho, Old French oit, Modern French huit. For spelling, see fight (https://www.etymonline.com/word/fight?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_5926)(v.). • Meaning "eight-man crew of a rowing boat" is from 1847. The Spanish piece of eight (1690s) was so called because it was worth eight reals (see piece (https://www.etymonline.com/word/piece?ref=etymonline_crossreference)(n.)). Figure (of) eight as the shape of a race course, etc., attested from c. 1600. To be behind the eight ball "in trouble" (1932) is a metaphor from shooting pool. Eight hours as the ideal length of a fair working day is recorded by 1845. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/eight#etymonline_v_1047) lazy (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/lazy#etymonline_v_6611) • 1540s, laysy, of persons, "averse to labor, action, or effort," a word of unknown origin. In 19c. thought to be from lay (https://www.etymonline.com/word/lay?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6606)(v.) as tipsy from tip. Skeat is responsible for the prevailing modern view that it probably comes from Low German, from a source such as Middle Low German laisch "weak, feeble, tired," modern Low German läösig, early modern Dutch leuzig, all of which may go back to the PIE root *(s)leg- "slack." According to Weekley, the -z- sound disqualifies a connection with French lassé "tired" or German lassig "lazy, weary, tired." A supposed dialectal meaning "naught, bad," if it is the original sense, may tie the word to Old Norse lasenn "dilapidated," lasmøyrr "decrepit, fragile," root of Icelandic las-furða "ailing," las-leiki "ailment." • Replaced native slack, slothful, and idle as the usual word expressing the notion of averse to work. Lazy Susan is from 1917. Lazy-tongs is from 1785, "An instrument like a pair of tongs for old or very fat people, to take anything off the ground without stooping" [Grose, "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue"]. In his 1788 edition, Grose has lazy man's load: "Lazy people frequently take up more than they can safely carry, to save the trouble of coming a second time." • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/lazy#etymonline_v_6611) tawdry (adj.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/tawdry#etymonline_v_7644) • "no longer fresh or elegant but worn as if it were so; in cheap and ostentatious imitation of what is rich or costly," 1670s, adjective use of noun tawdry "silk necktie for women" (1610s), shortened from tawdry lace (1540s), an alteration (with adhesion of the -t- from Saint) of St. Audrey's lace, a necktie or ribbon sold at the annual fair at Ely on Oct. 17 commemorating St. Audrey (https://www.etymonline.com/word/Audrey?ref=etymonline_crossreference)(queen of Northumbria, died 679). Her association with lace necklaces is that she supposedly died of a throat tumor, which, according to Bede, she considered God's punishment for her youthful stylishness: "I know of a surety that I deservedly bear the weight of my trouble on my neck, for I remember that, when I was a young maiden, I bore on it the needless weight of necklaces; and therefore I believe the Divine goodness would have me endure the pain in my neck, that so I may be absolved from the guilt of my needless levity, having now, instead of gold and pearls, the fiery heat of a tumour rising on my neck." [A.M. Sellar translation, 1907] Related: Tawdriness. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/tawdry#etymonline_v_7644) pain (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/pain#etymonline_v_2992) • late 13c., peine, "the agony suffered by Christ;" c. 1300, "punishment," especially for a crime, "legal punishment of any sort" (including fines and monetary penalties); also "condition one feels when hurt, opposite of pleasure," including mental or emotional suffering, grief, distress; from Old French peine "difficulty, woe, suffering, punishment, Hell's torments" (11c.), from Latin poena "punishment, penalty, retribution, indemnification" (in Late Latin also "torment, hardship, suffering"), from Greek poinē "retribution, penalty, quit-money for spilled blood," from PIE *kwei- "to pay, atone, compensate" (see penal)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/penal?ref=etymonline_crossreference). • The early "punishment" sense in English survives in phrase on pain of death. Also c. 1300 the word was used for the torments of eternal damnation after death. The sense of "exertion, effort" is from late 14c.; pains "great care taken (for some purpose), exertion or trouble taken in doing something" is recorded from 1520s. • Phrase give (someone) a pain "be annoying and irritating" is by 1895; as a noun, localized as pain in the neck (1924) and pain in the ass (1934), though this last might have gone long unrecorded and be the original sense and the others euphemisms. First record of pain-killer "drug or herb that reduces pain" is by 1845. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pain#etymonline_v_2992) heat (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/heat#etymonline_v_6253) • Old English hætu, hæto "heat, warmth, quality of being hot; fervor, ardor," from Proto-Germanic *haita- "heat" (source also of Old Saxon hittia, Old Norse hiti, Old Frisian hete, German hitze "heat," Gothic heito "fever"), from the same source as Old English hat "hot" and hæða "hot weather" (see hot)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/hot?ref=etymonline_crossreference). • Meaning "a single course in a race," especially a horse race, is from 1660s, perhaps from earlier figurative sense of "violent action; a single intense effort" (late 14c.), or the meaning "run given to a horse to prepare for a race" (1570s). The latter word over time was extended to "division of a race or contest when there are too many contestants to run at once," the winners of each heat then competing in a final race. • Meaning "sexual excitement in animals" is from 1768, especially of females, corresponding to rut in males. Meaning "trouble with the police" attested by 1920. Heat wave "period of excessive hot weather" first attested 1890; earlier in reference to solar cycles. Heat-stroke is from 1858. Heat-seeking (adj.) of missiles, etc., is by 1955. Red heat, white heat are in reference to the color of heated metals, especially iron. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/heat#etymonline_v_6253) redhead (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/redhead#etymonline_v_7449) • "person having red hair," mid-13c. (1256 as a surname), from red (https://www.etymonline.com/word/red?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_7437)(adj.1) + head (https://www.etymonline.com/word/head?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6239)(n.). Red (adj.), of persons, "having red hair" is from late Old English. Both Cain and Judas formerly were reputed to have had red or reddish-yellow beards. The Carrot pate be sure you hate, for she'l be true to no man, But put her too 't and she will do 't, and oft turns very common: She that is red upon the head will doubtless ne'r forsake it, But wanton be, assuredly, and willingly will take it. ["The True Lover's Admonition," Roxburghe Ballads, c. 1680] Traditional ideas about red-haired people are not complimentary. Physically, they are said to sweat easily, bleed copiously, have a strong foxy smell, and such bad breath that they can raise blisters on other people simply by breathing over them. Morally, they are expected to be 'bad children' who cause nothing but trouble; they will be hot-tempered, treacherous, and highly sexed. The medieval notion that Judas, Cain, and Mary Magdalene were red-heads arose from these beliefs, and helped to perpetuate them. ["Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore," 2000] As an adjective, "having red hair," from 1660s. Red-headed is attested from 1660s; red-haired from c. 1500. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/redhead#etymonline_v_7449) ride (v.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/ride#etymonline_v_15053) • Middle English riden, from Old English ridan "sit or be carried on" (as on horseback), "move forward; rock; float, sail" (class I strong verb; past tense rad, past participle riden), from Proto-Germanic *ridan (source also of Old Norse riða, Old Saxon ridan, Old Frisian rida "to ride," Middle Dutch riden, Dutch rijden, Old High German ritan, German reiten), from PIE *reidh- "to ride" (source also of Old Irish riadaim "I travel," Old Gaulish reda "chariot"). Common to Celtic and Germanic, perhaps a loan word from one to the other. • Of a ship, "to sail, float, rock," c. 1300. The meaning "heckle" is by 1912 from earlier sense of "dominate cruelly, have the mastery of, harass at will" (1580s) on the notion of "control and manage," as a rider does a horse, especially harshly or arrogantly. The verb in venery is from mid-13c. • To ride out "endure (a storm, etc.) without great damage" is from 1520s, literal and figurative. To let (something) ride "allow to pass without comment or intervention" is by 1921. To ride herd on "guard and control" is by 1897, from cattle-driving. To ride shotgun "ride in the passenger seat of an automobile" is by 1919, from the custom of having an armed man up beside the driver of a stagecoach to ward off trouble. To ride shank's mare "walk" is from 1846 (see shank (https://www.etymonline.com/word/shank?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_23343)(n.)). The ____ rides again cliche is from Hollywood movie titles ("Destry Rides Again," 1939). • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/ride#etymonline_v_15053) jackpot (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/jackpot#etymonline_v_1627) • also jack-pot, "big prize," 1944, from slot machine sense (1932), from now-obsolete poker sense (1881) in reference to antes that begin when no player has a pair of jacks or better; from jack (https://www.etymonline.com/word/jack?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_1616)(n.) in the card-playing sense + pot (https://www.etymonline.com/word/pot?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_18558)(n.1). Earlier, in criminal slang, it meant "trouble," especially "an arrest" (1902). The regular Draw-Poker game is usually varied by occasional Jack-Pots, which are played once in so many deals, or when all have refused to play, or when the player deals who holds the buck, a marker placed in the pool with every jack-pot. In a jack-pot each player puts up an equal stake and receives a hand. The pot must then be opened by a player holding a hand of the value of a pair of knaves (jacks) or better. If no player holds so valuable a hand the deal passes and each player adds a small sum to the pot or pool. When the pot is opened the opener does so by putting up any sum he chooses, within the limit, and his companions must pay in the same amount or "drop." They also possess the right to raise the opener. The new cards called for are then dealt and the opener starts the betting, the play proceeding as in the regular game. [Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th ed., 1911, "Poker." The article notes "Jack-Pots were introduced about 1870."] • To hit the jackpot "be very successful" is from 1938. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/jackpot#etymonline_v_1627) sweat (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/sweat#etymonline_v_47432) • Old English swat "perspiration, moisture exuded from the skin," also "labor, that which causes sweat," from Proto-Germanic *swaitaz "sweat" (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian swet, Old Norse sveiti, Danish sved "sweat," Swedish svett, Middle Dutch sweet, Dutch zweet, Old High German sweiz, German Schweiß), from PIE *sweid- (2) "to sweat" (source also of Sanskrit svedah "sweat," Avestan xvaeda- "sweat," Greek hidros "sweat, perspiration," Latin sudor, Lettish swiedri, Welsh chwys "sweat"). • A widespread set of Slavic words (Polish, Russian pot "sweat") is from Old Church Slavonic potu, related to peku "heat," cognate with Latin coquere. • The Old English noun became Middle English swote, but later altered to the current form under the influence of the verb. Sweat of (one's) brow as a symbol of toil is from Genesis iii.19. Sweat equity is from 1968. Colloquial no sweat "no problem" is attested by 1953, said to be originally U.S. military jargon from the Korean War. The universal and all-inclusive word today is "sweat." It covers just about everything: "no sweat" means no trouble, no cause for worry, nothing fouled up, don't fret. "It's a sweat" means a patrol looks tough, or an order to dig some more trench is an outrage, or simply that everything is messed up as usual. ["A Frontline Picture No Camera Could Get," Life magazine, March 16, 1953] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/sweat#etymonline_v_47432) page 14 martyr (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/martyr#etymonline_v_9661) • "one who bears testimony to faith," especially "one who willingly suffers death rather than surrender his or her religious faith," specifically "one of the Christians who in former times were put to death because they would not renounce their beliefs," late Old English martyr, from Late Latin martyr, (source also of Old French martir, Spanish martir, Italian martire, etc.), from Doric Greek martyr, earlier martys (genitive martyros), in Christian use "martyr," literally "witness." • This Greek word is sometimes said to be related to mermera "care, trouble," from mermairein "be anxious or thoughtful," from PIE *(s)mrtu- (source also of Sanskrit smarati "remember," Latin memor "mindful"), however Beekes has phonetic objections to this and suggests it is rather a loan-word from Pre-Greek. For sense shift from abstract "testimony" to "a witness," compare French témoin "witness" from Latin testimonium; English witness (https://www.etymonline.com/word/witness?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_10809)(n.) "one who testifies," originally "testimony." • The word was adopted directly into most Germanic languages (Old Saxon, Old Frisian martir, Old High German martyr, etc.), but Norse used a native formation pislarvattr, literally "torture-witness." Meaning "one who suffers death or grievous loss in defense or on behalf of any belief or cause" (love, etc.) is from late 14c. General sense of "constant sufferer, a victim of misfortune, calamity, disease, etc.," is from 1550s. Martyr complex "exaggerated desire for self-sacrifice" is attested by 1916. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/martyr#etymonline_v_9661) orphan (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/orphan#etymonline_v_9906) • "a child bereaved of one or both parents, generally the latter," c. 1300, from Late Latin orphanus "parentless child" (source of Old French orfeno, orphenin, Italian orfano), from Greek orphanos "orphaned, without parents, fatherless," literally "deprived," from orphos "bereft." • This is from PIE *orbho- "bereft of father," also "deprived of free status," from root *orbh- "to change allegiance, to pass from one status to another" (source also of Hittite harb- "change allegiance," Latin orbus "bereft," Sanskrit arbhah "weak, child," Armenian orb "orphan," Old Irish orbe "heir," Old Church Slavonic rabu "slave," rabota "servitude" (see robot)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/robot?ref=etymonline_crossreference), Gothic arbja, German erbe, Old English ierfa "heir," Old High German arabeit, German Arbeit "work," Old Frisian arbed, Old English earfoð "hardship, suffering, trouble"). • As an adjective from late 15c., "bereft of parents," said of a child or young dependent person. Figurative use is from late 15c. The Little Orphan Annie U.S. newspaper comic strip created by Harold Gray (1894-1968) debuted in 1924 in the New York "Daily News." Earlier it was the name (as Little Orphant Annie) of the character in James Whitcomb Riley's 1885 poem, originally titled "Elf Child": LITTLE Orphant Annie's come to our house to stay, An' wash the cups an' saucers up, an' brush the crumbs away, An' shoo the chickens off the porch, an' dust the hearth, an' sweep, An' make the fire, an' bake the bread, an' earn her board-an'-keep; An' all us other childern, when the supper-things is done, We set around the kitchen fire an' has the mostest fun A-list'nin' to the witch-tales 'at Annie tells about, An' the Gobble-uns 'at gits you Ef you Don't Watch Out! • Orphant was an old, corrupt form of orphan, attested from 17c. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/orphan#etymonline_v_9906) match (n.1)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/match#etymonline_v_9704) • "stick for striking fire." Late 14c., macche, "wick of a candle or lamp," a sense now obsolete, from Old French meiche "wick of a candle," from Vulgar Latin *micca/*miccia (source also of Catalan metxa, Spanish mecha, Italian miccia), which is of uncertain origin, probably ultimately from Latin myxa, from Greek myxa "lamp wick," originally "mucus," based on notion of wick dangling from the spout of a lamp like snot from a nostril, from PIE root *meug- "slimy, slippery" (see mucus)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/mucus?ref=etymonline_crossreference). English snot (https://www.etymonline.com/word/snot?ref=etymonline_crossreference)also had a secondary sense from late 14c. of "snuff of a candle, burnt part of a wick," surviving at least to late 19c. in northern dialects. • The modern spelling is from mid-15c. The meaning "piece of cord or tow soaked in sulfur, used for lighting fires, lamps, candles, etc." is from 1530. It was used by 1830 for the modern type of sulfur-tipped wooden friction match, which were perfected about that time, and competed with lucifer (https://www.etymonline.com/word/lucifer?ref=etymonline_crossreference)for much of 19c. as the name for this invention. An earlier version consisted of a thin strip of wood tipped with combustible matter that required contact with phosphorous carried separately in a box or vial. In the manufacture of matches much trouble has been occasioned by the use of phosphorous .... In some of the small and poorly-managed factories the men and children are never free from the fumes; their clothes and breath are luminous in the dark, and in the daytime white fumes may be seen escaping from them whenever they are seated by the fire. ... The danger arising from the use of matches was magnified, because they could sometimes be seen in the dark, were liable to ignite on a warm shelf, and were poisonous to such an extent that children had been killed by using them as playthings. [John A. Garver, "Matches," in The Popular Science Monthly, August 1877] • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/match#etymonline_v_9704) cross (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/cross#etymonline_v_387) • Old English cros "instrument of Christ's crucifixion; symbol of Christianity" (mid-10c.), probably from Old Norse or another Scandinavian source, picked up by the Norse from Old Irish cros, from Latin crux (accusative crucem, genitive crucis) "stake, cross" on which criminals were impaled or hanged (originally a tall, round pole); hence, figuratively, "torture, trouble, misery;" see crux.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/crux?ref=etymonline_crossreference) Also from Latin crux are Italian croce, French croix, Spanish and Portuguese cruz, Dutch kruis, German Kreuz. • The modern word is the northern England form and has predominated. Middle English also had two other forms of the same word, arriving from the continent by different paths: cruche, crouche (c. 1200) was from Medieval Latin, with pronunciation as in Italian croce (compare Crouchmas "festival of the Invention of the Cross," late 14c.). Later, especially in southern England, the form crois, croice, from Old French, was the common one (compare croisade, the older form of crusade)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/crusade?ref=etymonline_crossreference). The Old English word was rood.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/rood?ref=etymonline_crossreference) • By c. 1200 as "ornamental likeness of the cross, something resembling or in the form of a cross; sign of the cross made with the right hand or with fingers." From mid-14c. as "small cross with a human figure attached; a crucifix;" late 14c. as "outdoor structure or monument in the form of a cross." Also late 14c. as "a cross formed by two lines drawn or cut on a surface; two lines intersecting at right angles; the shape of a cross without regard to religious signification." From late 12c. as a surname. From c. 1200 in English in the figurative sense "the burden of a Christian; any suffering voluntarily borne for Christ's sake; a trial or affliction; penance in Christ's name," from Matthew x.38, xvi.24, etc. Theological sense "crucifixion and death of Christ as a necessary part of his mission" is from late 14c. • As "a mixing of breeds in the production of animals" from 1760, hence broadly "a mixture of the characteristics of two different things" (1796). In pugilism, 1906, from the motion of the blow, crossing over the opponent's lead (1880s as a verb; cross-counter (n.) is from 1883). As "accidental contact of two wires belonging to different circuits," 1870. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/cross#etymonline_v_387) run (n.)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/run#etymonline_v_16640) • mid-15c. (earlier ren, late 14c.), "a spell of running, the act of running," from run (https://www.etymonline.com/word/run?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_16639)(v.). • The Old English noun ryne/yrn (early Middle English rine) meant "a flowing, a course, a watercourse;" the modern sense of "small stream" is recorded from 1580s, mostly in Northern English dialect and American English. The sense of "a flowing or pouring, as of liquid" is by 1814. In reference to the action of a school of fish moving together, especially upstream or in-shore, by 1820. • From 1804 as "place where anything runs or may run." The meaning "the privilege of going through or over, free access" is from 1755. In. U.S. baseball, "feat of running around the bases without being put out" by 1856; the sense in cricket is from 1746. • Meaning "continuous stretch" (of something) is from 1670s. That of "continuous use, circulation, or observance" (as in run of luck) is by 1714. The general sense of "a continuous series or succession" has yielded many specific meanings, as "three or more playing cards in consecutive order" (1870). In music, "a rapid succession of consecutive tones," by 1835. • The financial meaning "extraordinary series or rush of demands on a bank, etc." is recorded from 1690s. The market sense of "sustained demand for something" is by 1816. • From 1712 as "a spell of sailing between two ports;" hence also "an excursion trip" (1819); "single trip by a railroad train" (1857); the military aircraft attack sense (as in bombing run) is from 1916. Hence also "a regular round in a vehicle" (as in paper run, milk run, etc.). • In printing, the meaning "total number of copies done in a single period of press-work" is from 1909. In publishing, "set or series of consecutive numbers of a periodical," by 1889. • Meaning "tear in a knitted garment or stocking" is from 1922, probably on the notion of "a failure caused by looseness, weakness, or giving way;" to run had a specialized sense in reference to machinery, "to slip, go awry" (1846), and in reference to lace it meant "to unravel, come undone" (1878). Also compare running stitch "loose, open stitch" (1848). • Phrase a run for one's money "satisfaction for trouble taken" is from 1872 in a figurative sense, from horse racing, where it implied real competition (1841). • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/run#etymonline_v_16640) in- (2)(https://www.etymonline.com/word/in-#etymonline_v_6285) • element meaning "into, in, on, upon" (also im-, il-, ir- by assimilation of -n- with following consonant), from Latin in- "in," from PIE root *en (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*en?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"in." In Old French (and hence in Middle English) this often became en-, which in English had a strong tendency to revert to Latin in-, but not always, which accounts for pairs such as enquire/(https://www.etymonline.com/word/enquire?ref=etymonline_crossreference)inquire.(https://www.etymonline.com/word/inquire?ref=etymonline_crossreference) There was a native form, which in West Saxon usually appeared as on- (as in Old English onliehtan "to enlighten"), and some of those verbs survived into Middle English (such as inwrite "to inscribe"), but all now seem to be extinct. • Not related to in- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/in-?ref=etymonline_crossreference#etymonline_v_6284)(1) "not," which also was a common prefix in Latin, causing confusion: to the Romans impressus could mean "pressed" or "unpressed;" inaudire meant "to hear," but inauditus meant "unheard of;" in Late Latin investigabilis could mean "that may be searched into" or "that cannot be searched into." Latin invocatus was "uncalled, uninvited," but invocare was "to call, appeal to." • The trouble has continued in English; the hesitation over what is meant by inflammable being a commonly cited example. Implume (1610s) meant "to feather," but implumed (c. 1600) meant "unfeathered." Impliable can mean "capable of being implied" (1865) or "inflexible" (1734). Impartible in 17c. could mean "incapable of being divided" or "capable of being imparted." Impassionate can be "free from passion" or it can mean "strongly stirred by passion." Inanimate (adj.) is "lifeless," but Donne uses inanimate (v.) to mean "infuse with life or vigor." Irruption is "a breaking in," but irruptible is "unbreakable." • In addition to improve "use to one's profit," Middle English also had a verb improve meaning "to disprove" (15c.). To inculpate is "to accuse," but inculpable means "not culpable, free from blame." Infestive has meant "troublesome, annoying" (1560s, from infest) and "not festive" (1620s). In Middle English inflexible could mean "incapable of being bent" or "capable of being swayed or moved." In 17c., informed could mean "current in information," formed, animated," or "unformed, formless" ("This was an awkward use" [OED]). Inhabited has meant "dwelt in" (1560s) and "uninhabited" (1610s); inhabitable likewise has been used on opposite senses, a confusion that goes back to Late Latin. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/in-#etymonline_v_6285) get (v.) (https://www.etymonline.com/word/get#etymonline_v_6055) • c. 1200, from Old Norse geta (past tense gatum, past participle getenn) "to obtain, reach; to be able to; to beget; to learn; to be pleased with," a word of very broad meaning, often used almost as an auxilliary verb, also frequently in phrases (such as geta rett "to guess right"). This is from Proto-Germanic *getan (source also of Old Swedish gissa "to guess," literally "to try to get"), from PIE root *ghend- (https://www.etymonline.com/word/*ghend-?ref=etymonline_crossreference)"to seize, take." • Old English, as well as Dutch and Frisian, had the verb almost exclusively in compounds (such as begietan, "to beget;(https://www.etymonline.com/word/beget?ref=etymonline_crossreference)" forgietan "to forget"(https://www.etymonline.com/word/forget?ref=etymonline_crossreference)). Vestiges of an Old English cognate *gietan remain obliquely in modern past participle gotten and original past tense gat, also Biblical begat. • In compound phrases with have and had it is grammatically redundant, but often usefully indicates possession, obligation, or necessity, or gives emphasis. The word and phrases built on it take up 29 columns in the OED 2nd edition; Century Dictionary lists seven distinct senses for to get up. "I GOT on Horseback within ten Minutes after I received your Letter. When I GOT to Canterbury I GOT a Chaise for Town. But I GOT wet through before I GOT to Canterbury, and I HAVE GOT such a Cold as I shall not be able to GET rid of in a Hurry. I GOT to the Treasury about Noon, but first of all I GOT shaved and drest. I soon GOT into the Secret of GETTING a Memorial before the Board, but I could not GET an Answer then, however I GOT Intelligence from the Messenger that I should most likely GET one the next Morning. As soon as I GOT back to my Inn, I GOT my Supper, and GOT to Bed, it was not long before I GOT to Sleep. When I GOT up in the Morning, I GOT my Breakfast, and then GOT myself drest, that I might GET out in Time to GET an Answer to my Memorial. As soon as I GOT it, I GOT into the Chaise, and GOT to Canterbury by three: and about Tea Time, I GOT Home. I HAVE GOT No thing particular for you, and so Adieu." [Philip Withers, "Aristarchus, or the Principles of Composition," London, 1789, illustrating the widespread use of the verb in Modern English] • As a command to "go, be off" by 1864, American English. Meaning "to seize mentally, grasp" is from 1892. Get wind of "become acquainted with" is from 1840, from earlier to get wind "to get out, become known" (1722). To get drunk is from 1660s; to get religion is from 1772; to get better "recover health" is from 1776. To get ready "prepare oneself" is from 1890; to get going "begin, start doing something" is by 1869 in American English; get busy "go into action, begin operation" is from 1904. Get lost as a command to go away is by 1947. To get ahead "make progress" is from 1807. To get to (someone) "vex, fret, obsess" is by 1961, American English (get alone as "to puzzle, trouble, annoy" is by 1867, American English). To get out of hand originally (1765) meant "to advance beyond the need for guidance;" sense of "to break free, run wild" is from 1892, from horsemanship. To get on (someone's) nerves is attested by 1970. • Related entries & more (https://www.etymonline.com/word/get#etymonline_v_6055)